Application Of EM Waves In Satellite Communication Computer Science Essay

Application Of EM Waves In major planet communion Computer Science EssayThis paper deals with the diachronic development of broadcast conference clays. Then the basic elements of planet dialogue system along with their features are discussed. Then the working of a send communion system and the ingestion of EM waves in this system is discussed and indeed fin every(prenominal)y the applications, advantages and limitations of major planet conference system are discussed.IntroductionElectromagnetic wave is a wave of electric and magnetic field components which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy telephone extension. Generally, EM radiation sickness (the excogitationation radiation excludes static electric and magnetic and near fields) is classified by wavelength into radio set, microwave oven, infrared, the perceptible region we perceive as light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays..The behaviour of EM radiatio n depends on its wavelength. Higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths, and lower frequencies have longer wavelengths. Spectroscopy can detect a much wider region of the EM spectrum than the visible back stain of 400nm to 700nm. Electromagnetic waves as a general phenomenon were predicted by the classical laws of electricity and magnetism, known as Maxwells equations. If you inspect Maxwells equations with out(a) sources ( airs or currents) then you will find that, along with the possibility of nothing happening, the theory will also admit nontrivial solutions of changing electric and magnetic fields.Any electric charge which accelerates, or any changing magnetic field, produces electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic information about the charge travels at the speed of light. Accurate treatment thus incorporates a concept known as retarded time. At most wavelengths, however, the information carried by electromagnetic radiation is not at a time detected by human senses. Natu ral sources produce EM radiation across the spectrum,and our engineering science can also manipulate a broad range of wavelengths.Fig. 1 electromagnetic spectrumSatellite conferenceA planet is a physical object that scopes or revolves around some celestial body. In general artificial satellite is an bionic satellite mailed in space for the purposes of conversation, military, surveillance, etc.A satellite communications (sometimes abbreviated to Comsat) is an artificial satellite pointed in space for the purposes of telecommunications development microwave frequencies. Most communications satellites use geosynchronous orbits or near geo send outary orbits, although some recent systems use low Earth-orbiting satellites.Communications satellites return a technology that is complementary to that of type optic submarine communication cables. Unlike fibre optic communication, satellite communication has a propagation delay (also called a path delay) of at least(prenominal) 270 msecs, which is the time it takes the radio signal to travel 35,800 km from earth to a satellite and then back to earth. Satellite Internet connections average a 600-800 millisecond delay, about ten times than that of a terrestrial Internet link. This delay is a challenge to deployment of Virtual private communicates over satellite internet connections. narrative OF carry on COMMUNICATIONThe concept of satellite communications was commencement exercise proposed by Arthur C. Clarke, based on Herman Potoniks pseudonymous work from 1929. In 1945 Clarke published an article coroneted Extra-terrestrial Relays in the magazine Wireless World. The article described the fundamentals behind the deployment artificial satellites in geostationary orbits for the purpose of passing radio signal. Thus Arthur C. Clarke is often quoted as the inventor of the communications satellite. The first artificial satellite was the SOVIET SPUTNLK-1 launched on October 4, 1957, and aquipped with an on board transmitter that worked on two frequencies i.e. 20.005 and 40.002 MHz The first American satellite to put across communications was project SCORE in 1958 which used tape recorder to store and forward voice messages. Telstar was the first active, direct relay communications satellite belonging to AT T.USE OF EM WAVES IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONThe fastest growing and most recent field of communication involves the use of different satellite relays. Let us discuss the space wave communication. In this mode of propagation, electromagnetic waves from the transmission transmitting aerial reach the receiving antenna either directly or afterwards reflections from ground in the earths troposphere region. Troposphere is that portion of the earth which extends up to 16 km from the earth surface. It means in the former, wave reaches directly from the transmitting antenna to receiving antenna and in later, the wave reaches the receiving antenna after reflection from the ground., wher e the phase change of 180 degree is also introduced due to reflection at the ground, in the ground reflected wave. Although both(prenominal) the waves leave the transmitting antenna at the same time with the same phase but may reach the receiving antenna either in the phase or out of the phase, be beat the two wave travel different path lengths. The strength of the resultant waves, thus, at the receiving point may be stronger or weaker than the direct path alone depending upon whether the two waves are adding or opposing in phase. At receiving point the signal strength is the vector addition of direct and indirect waves. Space wave propagation is also called as tropospheric propagation because space wave propagates through troposphere. Space wave propagation is chief(prenominal)ly in VHF, and high uper frequencies because at such frequencies fling wave and ground wave propagation both fail. Beyond 30 MHz sky wave fails as the wavelength becomes too shorts to be reflected from ionosphere and ground waves are propagating close to the antenna only, as attenuation is very high. Therefore just after few hundred feet ground wave also die due to attenuation and wave tilt. Space wave propagation is also called as the class of sight propagation because at VHF, UHF and microwave frequencies, this mode of propagation is limited to the line of sight surmount and is also limited by the curve ball of earth. Although in actual particle space wave propagates even slightly beyond the line of sight distance due to the refraction in the ambiance of the earth. In line of sight distance transmitting antenna and receiving antenna can usually see each other. In fact, the line of sight distance i.e. range of communication can also be increased by increasing the heights of transmitting and receiving antennas. The curvature of earth and the height of the transmitting and receiving antennas de limitines uttermost range of communication through direct waves.In fact, the line of sight distance has now been extended by what is known as Space Communication or specially Satellite communication which has facilitated trans-oceanic propagation of microwaves with the potentiality of large environwidth. By space communication we mean the radio traffic surrounded by a ground station and satellite or space probe, mingled with satellites or space probes and also between the ground station itself via man made communication satellites or natural space body( e.g. the sun, the moon, the venus etc. ). Earlier it was not possible to propagate beyond the radio horizon and hence it revolutionized the field of communication engineering and it is possible to show that three geosynchronous satellites can establish communication over entire world. Role of electromagnetic waves can be seen by studying the different bands obtainable for satellite communicationSelection of the bandThe selection of the band is not something that individual service providers decide, but is rath er elect by large satellite operators based on different factors. These are explained belowC-band is still the most widely available worldwide. Ku-band is becoming more available recently in regions which were less covered in the past (South America, Asia, Africa).C-band is more prone to interference from other transmission service that share the same frequencies (adjacent satellites or terrestrial transmissions) than the higher bands.While the C-band technology is cheaper in itself, it requires larger dishes (1 to 3 m) than Ku- and Ka-band (0.6 to 1.8 m) and therefore imposes relatively higher (installation) costs on the end-user.Ku- and especially Ka-band make remediate use of satellite capacity.Higher absolute frequency bands (Ku- and especially Ka-) suffer significantly more from signal deterioration caused by rainfall to ensure availability in bad weather conditions, the signal has to be much stronger. Note that 0.1% of unavailability means in fact that the service will be in terrupted for most 9 hours over a 1-year period. 1% unavailability represents 90 hours or almost 4 full days.Bands of InterestC-band is the oldest allocation and operates in the frequency range around 6 GHz for transmission (uplink) and between 3.7 and 4.2 GHz for reception (downlink).Ku-band is the most common transmission format in Europe for satellite TV and uses around 14 GHz for uplink and between 10.9 and 12.75 GHz for downlink.Ka-band uses around 30 GHz up- and between 18 and 20 GHz downlink frequency.C-band and Ku-band are becoming congested by an increasing amount of users, so satellite service operators are more and more turning to the use of Ka-band.Using C-band and K-bandC Band is a name given to certain portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as a range of wavelengths of light, used for communications. The IEEE C band and its variations, in particular, are microwave ranges used for certain satellite goggle box broadcasts, and by some Wi-Fi devices, cordless phones, and weather radars. Typical antenna sizes on C-band capable systems ranges from 7.5 to 12 feet (2.5 to 3.5 meters) on consumer satellite dishes, although larger ones alsocan be used. Slight variations of C band frequencies are approved for use in various parts of the world.TABLE IC Band Variants Around The WorldBandTransmit Frequency(GHz)Receive Frequency(GHz)Extended C Band5.850-6.4253.625-4.200Super Extended CBand5.850-6.7253.400-4.200INSAT C Band6.725-7.0254.500-4.800Palapa C Band6.425-6.7256.425-6.725Russian C Band5.975-6.4753.650-4.150LMI C Band5.725-6.0253.700-4.000K band is defined as a frequency band between 20 and 40 GHz (7.5-15 mm). The IEEE K band is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies ranging between 18 and 27 GHz. K band between 18 and 26.5 GHz is absorbed easily by water vapour (water resonance peak at 22.24 GHz, 1.35 cm).The IEEE K band is conventionally divided into three sub-bands Ka band K-above band, 26.5-40 GHz , mainly used for radar and experimental communications. K-band 18-27 GHz Ku band K-under band, 12-18 GHz, mainly used for satellite communications, terrestrial microwave communications, and radar, especially police traffic-speed detectors.MAIN COMPONENTS OF A SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMSatellite communications are comprised of two basic elementsThe satelliteThe ground stationThe SatelliteThe satellite is also known as the space segment. It is composed of the following separate units the satellite and telemetry controls and the transponder.The transponder comprised of the receiving antenna to catch-up signals from the ground station, a broad band receiver, an input multiplexer and a frequency converter that is used to reroute the received signals through a high powered amplifier for downlink.The main function of satellite is to reflect signals. In case of a telecom satellite, the primary role is to pick up signals from a ground station, which is located, a considerable away from the first. This relay action can be two way, as in the case of a long distance phone call. Another use of satellite is the television broadcasts. Number of programs are first up-linked and then down-linked over wide region. The customer having appropriate devices can receive and watch the programs. One of the modern uses of satellite is acquire information along with image (commonly known as space/satellite image) of any desired location on earth.Fig. 2 plot showing satellite and ground stationThe Ground StationThis is called the earth segment. Earth station is the common name for every installation located on the Earths surface and think for communication (transmission and/or reception) with one or more satellites.A base band processor, an up-converter, high Powered amplifier and a parabolic dish antenna is conglomerate to transmit the terrestrial data to an orbiting satellite. In the case of downlink, the ultimate reverse operation is being down and up-linked signals are recap tured through parabolic antenna.WORKING OF A SATELLITESatellite is mainly working on the basis of Electromagnetic waves. In our daily life EM waves are useful for tuner, Internet, T.V etc. For all these electronic equipments are working on the basis of EM waves. Firstly a satellite is keep in the orbit. Then it rotates along the orbit. From the source station it receives signals and spread them to all the electronic equipments. Satellites easily transfer news with in fraction of seconds it means in microseconds. In order send signals the smallest frequency waves are required. At the station the producers send the microwaves to satellite, because microwaves are waves having short frequency when compare to the other waves (Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequency from 30MHz to 1GB) ,they can easily penetrate propel the ionosphere, and reaches to satellite. Satellites provide link in two ways. Firstly a satellite provide point to point communication link between one groun d station and the other.One ground station transmit signal to the other satellite and next ground station receives them from the satellite. Secondly, satellite receives signals from one ground station and transmits to them to the number of ground receivers. It is illustrated in figure 2. Most satellite use frequency bandwidth through from 5.92 to 6.4GHz from transmission of data from earth to the satellite and a frequency bandwidth from 3.7 to 4.1GHz for transmission from satellite to the earth. A satellite can provide service to a certain part of the earth if it is in sight. This can be do only if the satellite remains stationary with respect to the earth.LOW EARTH ORBITING COMMUNICATION SATELLITEIn 1960, the simplest communications satellite ever conceived was launched. It was called Echo, because it consisted only of a large (100 feet in diameter) aluminized plastic balloon. Radio and TV signals transmitted to the satellite would be reflected back to earth and could be received by any station within view of the satellite.Fig. 3 diagram showing Echo satelliteUnfortunately, in its low earth orbit, the Echo satellite circled the earth every ninety minutes. This meant that although virtually everybody on earth would eventually see it, no one person, ever saw it for more than 10 minutes or so out of every 90 minute orbit.Telstar satelliteTelstar is the name of various communications satellites including the first ever such satellite able to relay television signals. The first two Telstar satellites were Telstar 1, launched July 10, 1962 and operational until February 21, 1963, and Telstar 2, launched May 7, 1963 and operational until May 16, 1965. They were experimental, and n other(a) identical. Telstar 1 relayed the first television pictures, telephone calls and fax images through space and provided the first have intercourse transatlantic television feed.Telstars orbit was such that it could see Europe and the US simultaneously during one part of its orbit. During another part of its orbit it could see both Japan and the U.S. As a result, it provided real- time communications between the UnitedStates and those two areas for a few minutes out of every hour. Some of the main advantages of low and medium earth orbit include (a) the possibility of using hand-held receiver terminals because satellites are closer to the Earth and can therefore provide stronger signals at the receiver and ground stations need to transmit at lower power (b) the possibility of reusing the frequencies more often than is possible with geostationary orbit because the geographical area covered by low earth orbit satellites is much smaller (c) the possibility of reduction in transmission delay.Fig. 4 diagram showing Telstar satelliteGeostationary Communications SatellitesIn 1963, the necessary rocket booster power was available for the first time and the first geostationary satellite, Syncom 2, was launched by NASA. For those who could see it, the satellite was av ailable 100% of the time, 24 hours a day. The satellite could view approximately 42% of the earth. For those outside of that viewing area, of course, the satellite was NEVER available.Fig. 5 diagram showing Geostationary satelliteINDIAS FIRST COMMUNICATION SATELLITE appleApple stands for Airline Passenger Payload Experiment. It got the name as it was carried as a Passenger by the European space agency. Apple the first Indian three-axis stabilized geo-stationary experimental communication satellite, weighing 673kg was successfully launched on June 19, 1981 from Kourou, French Guyana, by the Ariane Launch Vehicle of European Space Agency on its third developmental flight.After 17 minutes 25 seconds the craft was successfully placed in the transfer orbit. The space craft sub-systems were functioning normally. Test commands have been issued from SHAR to the APPLE space craft successfully.Fig. 6 diagram showing APPLE satelliteLaunch Date 19.06.1981Launch Vehicle Ariane-1(V-3)Type of Sat ellite Geo-Stationary SatelliteMission Experimental geostationary communicationWeight 670 kgCommunication VHF and C-bandStabilization Three axis stabilized (biased momentum) with Momentum Wheels, Torques Hydrazine based Reaction control systemMission life Two yearsAPPLICATIONS OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONThe breakthrough provided by satellites in telecommunications resulted in a major research and development effort in all the related technologies. Most of the early work concentrated on international point to point telecommunications applications. Later, the application of satellite communication was extended to the direct satellite broadcasts (1970s), brisk communications (1980s), and person-to-person communications (1990s). In general, satellites are serving the mobile and broadcast.Radio and Television BroadcastingSatellites have been used since 1960 to transmit broadcast television signals between the network hubs of television companies and their network members. Sometime, a w hole set of programs is transmitted at once and recorded at the affiliate, and then broadcast to the local populace consort to the appropriate time. In the 1970s it became possible for private individuals to download the same signals that the network and cable companies were transmitting, using C-band reception dishes. This free viewing of the corporate limit by individuals let to scrambling and subsequent resale of the descrambling codes to individual customers, which started the direct-to-home industry. The direct-to-home industry has gathered even greater response since the introduction of digital direct broadcast service..Business Radio And TVDigital television has made it possible to distribute information within organizations and companies that are geographically dispersed, or to deliver distance education. Similarly, digital radio allows for the delivery of radio services to relatively small closed user groups.Thin Route or Trunk TelephonyTelecom operators have been using s atellite communications for many years to carry long-distance telephone communications, especially intercontinental, to complement or to bypass submarine cables. To the end-user this is transparent the phone calls are routed automatically via the available capacity at any given moment.Mobile satellite telephonyMobile telephony allows the user to make telephone calls and to transmit and receive data from wherever he/she is located. Digital cellular mobile telephony such as GSM has become a worldwide standard for mobile communications, but its services lack coverage over areas that are sparsely populated or uninhabited (mountains, jungle, sea), because it is not economically viable or applicative for the network operators to build antennas there. Satellite telephony seems to be able to provide a possible solution to the problem of providing voice and data communications services to these other locationsMarine CommunicationsIn the marine community, satellite communication systems such as Immarsat provide good communication links to ships at sea. These links use a VSAT type device to connect to geosynchronous satellites, which in turn links the ship to a land based point having single telecommunications system.Global Positioning ServicesAnother VSAT oriented service, in which a small apparatus containing the ability to determine navigational coordinates by calculating a triangulating or the signals from multiple geosynchronous.Military Satellite SystemFor military communications Army, Air force and Navy use both amend and mobile satellite systems. In addition to the normal communications, military communications are also required for tactical communications from remote and inhospitable locations.The special requirements of military communication terminals are high reliability, ruggedness, compact, operations under hostile environment, immunity to jamming, ease of portability and transportation, etc. Examples of military satellite communications systems areDSCS (US AF)SKYNET (UK)NATO (NATO)FLTSATCOM (US NAVY)MILSTARBecause of the special frequency band used in Military satellite system and other special requirements, Military satellite Systems are always much costlier and it takes longer time to design and develop compared to commercial satellite communications systems. Realizing that not all communications are strategic in nature, there is a trend now to use commercial communications system as far as possible. US Department of Defence is one of the major users of commercial Iridium satellite system with their own gateway.Broadband Satellite SystemBroadband satellite service is an emerging service which has caught the fancy of many for meeting the demand of worldwide fibre like access to telecommunications services such as computer networking, broadband Internet access, interactive multimedia and high quality voice. These systems use advanced satellite technology at Ka band or Ku band frequencies to achieve the high bandwidth requirements. Examples of proposed Broadband Satellite systems are Teledesic, SkyBridge, SpacewayLIMITATIONS OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONLatency (Propagation Delay)Due to the high altitudes of satellite orbits, the time required for a transmission to navigate a satellite link (2/10ths of a second from earth station to earth station) could cause a variety of problems on a high speed terrestrial network that is waiting for the packets.Poor BandwidthDue to radio spectrum limitations, there is a fixed amount of bandwidth allocable to satellite transmission.NoiseThe strength of a radio signals strength is in proportion to the square of the distance travelled. Due to the distance between ground station and satellite, the signal ultimately gets very weak. This problem can be solved by modulation of carrier wave.ConclusionThe outer space has always fascinated people on the earth and communication through space evolved as an offshoot of ideas for space travel. The earliest idea of using artificial satellite s for communications is found in a science fiction Brick Moon by Edward Evert Hale, published in 1869-70. While the early fictional accounts of satellite and space communications bear little resemblance to the technology as it exists today, they are of significance since they represent the origins of the idea from which the technology eventually evolved. The satellite communication through the EM waves has many applications for the smooth functioning of life and it made the communication with each other very simple. In the area of satellite communications, the technology has been responsive to the imaginative dreams. Hence it is also expected that technological innovations will lead the evolution of satellite communications towards the visions of today.AcknowledgmentI would like to stock my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this term paper. I want to thank department of Electronics and communication of lovely professional university for giving me permis sion to commence this term paper. I have further more to thank the EMFT faculty member, Mr. Princejeet Singh. I am bound to the physics faculty for their stimulating support.My friends Amit and Sulabh supported me in this term paper. I want to thank them for their help, support, interest and valuable hints.Especially I would like to thank my sister who helped me and enabled me to complete this term paper.

Person Centred Approach for Depression

Person Centred Approach for DepressionSOCIAL THEORIES FOR PROFESSIONAL PRACTICEA REFLECTIVE REPORT ON GROUP POSTERThe main purpose of the report is to demonstrate an understanding companionable work surmise for radiation diagram person-centred advance in relation to adults with depression the target audience is neighborly work students. According to Teater (20101) system helps to predict, explain and assess situations and behaviours, and provide a rationale for how the social worker should react and intervene. Therefore social work theory for place is defined as a set of ideas used to hunt practice and which ar sufficiently coherent that they could if necessary, be make explicit in form which is open them to challenge. Payne (1997150) held the view that for a social work theory to be palmy in achieving its dissolvent it required three elements, perspective, an explaining theory and a model. Teater (20104) emphasised that social workers may combine learning theory with soci al learning theory to work with a service substance abuser, as theory informs practice. Payne (2002270) stated that a theory cannot be evaluated only in relation to its ideas and effectiveness, because the ideas have a historical and social context and effectiveness is judged according to particular institutional requirements.When my conference met each gathering member gave suggestions of what theory they thought would be a acceptable idea we decided to make up a placard on Person-centred get on. The title of the poster was A person-centred go on in relation to adults with depression a guide for social work students. The purpose of developing this poster was to inform and educate social work students about Person-centred glide path in a relation to adults relations with depression. To have an understanding of my role and contribution to the group it is essential to review the process of how the team formed. The group formed not as a result of choice but as a result of ran dom selection but with consideration of where we lived as this would make it easier to come together. The formation of the group make me realise that I did not have a choice in deciding who I would work with but despite that I was happy with my group and we worked sound to complete the task at hand. The group was small and consisted of 4 mess 3 females and 1 male and with different experience and educational background. A group can be defined in a many different ways which relate to function, membership for instance why commonwealth articulatio and whether membership is voluntary and its goals and eventual purpose. Cartwright and Zander (1968) describes the group as an aggregate of respective(prenominal)s standing in relations to each other, the relations exemplified will depend on or de terminal figureine the kind of group, whether it is a family, an audience, a committee, union, or crowd.Hogg et al (2005) defined a team as a group of people organised to work interdependently or cooperatively to complete a specific or accomplish a purpose or goal. On manifestation it is essential to note that my group was a task centred angiotensin-converting enzyme because it was purely set up in order to complete the task at hand. fundamentally the group had collectivism this relates to a world view found on the idea that the group needs and goals are more important than any individual. We worked to complete the task and went through Bruce Tuckman groups develop through five basic stages Forming apprehension, Storming conflict, Norming status and role attainment, performing goal striving and accomplishment, Adjourning disbanding or re-organizing (Thompson 2010 92).No one had been nominated as leader but there were two definite leaders who took on the role of deciding what task each of us should do. This occurred as a result of the two feeling that they were going to take on more, we let them take the lead due to their willingness to undertake the greater part o f the task. despite this I managed to take charge when it came to the title and how information was displayed. Due to the lack of clear leadership this meant that we did not always meet up and there was no time to rehearse before presenting to the class. Each team member was given a task to complete but due to lack of clear roles and responsibilities and we got on to complete the task at hand. According to Thompson (2009160) good practice is based on partnership, team work and good communication amongst all members. It was essential to create positive group dynamics as this would aid the relationship between the team members, as such the relationship had to be constructive as well as productive (Lafasto Larson 2001).Belbin (199664) stated that an approach to human relationships in work groups, in which each individual has a defined role. In this cheek there were two people that were the leaders and they were dominant in making decisions without consulting the rest of the team. In relation to team roles I took on the role of mental imagery investigator Belbin (1981 84) describes this as a person that is very optimistic. I endeavoured to relay my opinion in order to contribute and make corrections as anticipate by the group but to my work was disregarded in my absence. There are a number of issues that can affect a good group dynamic and for our team it was poor communication, different information would be passed on yet after meeting the other teams had done something differently. This factor I conceive affected my performance and others as well. For instance we emailed each other what our ideas but the two leaders were negative towards my suggestions and the responded in a way that demonstrated decisions had been make already.Furthermore not all members received updates due to not being linked in so there was missed information, at the time of presenting suggestions on how it should be done were ignored this was annoying and evoked some strong emotions. Unfortunately it was late to resolve this issue I felt strongly that decisions were made without critical analysis and this was a direct result of lack of leadership.When we started to develop the poster we recognised that we had limited time, space and therefore we decided to develop a poster that was precise, concise and easy for the social work students and service users to understand. The purpose was to inform and provide an understanding of about the social theory for practice and besides how well it works with service users. It was also essential for the design and colour scheme of the poster to be practical. According Fook et al (200754) states that depending on visual workshops students or people are more likely to remember colourful presentations and are drawn to them.The poster was good it described the social work theory for practice and wasclear and precise on the subject matter, but despite this I felt that the poster should have been more about the social work theory for practice than the subject depression. The ar tendment of information was sufficient considering the information that had to be gathered but it would have been better to have less information on the poster. The poster illustrated clearly that the service user was the expert of their own recovery and this in turn empowered them in making good choices, this evidently highlights the advantages and disadvantages of the person-centred therapy. Trevithick (2012 91) emphasised that social workers should work with service users holistically in order to get a better understanding of their life. Service users and carers express that the most essential quality they would jimmy from social workers is understanding and patience.This I believe was as a result of the fact that social work theories and service policies vary in their assumptions on the temper of service users, their problems, society and role of social workers. Whittington et al (199527) states that when a social worker makes s ense of a problem or issue he or she also makes certain assumptions. This is subjectivist philosophy and works with free will. It deals with insiders view, self determining ways and human nature for instance dealing with the relationship that the node has with the social world around them (Stepney et al 2000). The poster did not illustrate the advantages of the usage on the therapist this was due to limited space and only charge on the service user. For instance a therapist may not feel weighed down while working with a service user who is cognisant and more positive this will empower the therapist as well as the service user. Rowe and Llic (2009) stated that posters are brilliant way of transferring knowledge and suitable form of educational publication. He further emphasised that people are more likely to be drawn to visual elements of a poster than the subject or content and it was essential for the author to include their name in order to effectively convey the educational su bject matter.As a student social worker I have to critically analyse and appraise the social work theories there are six critical criterias namely Subjectivist- objectivist = philosophical position, Theories of society= provides an explanation, Research and seek evidence= provides evidence and credibility to theories, Ethics and theories of social justice =provides understanding against the BASW codes of ethics and values, Service user and carers perspective=an insider perspective and Model of practice= theories are in context. There are six theories in social work practice namely psychodynamic theory, accessible learning theory, Theory of moral reasoning, systems theory, conflict theory and theories of cognition.The person-Centred approach was adopted work of the psychologist Dr Carl Rogers (1902-1987),the approach was psychotherapy and counselling. He believed that the basic nature of the human being, when execution freely, is constructive and trustworthy(Rogers 196194). The Pe rson-centred approach (PCA) is an emotional and psychological approach to the person a way of being, from which perception of self, reality and behaviour may be reorganized. Its underlying principles are the primacy of the actualizing tendency, the assertion of the necessity and sufficiency of the therapeutic conditions and the realization on the part of the therapist of a non-directive attitude (Rogers 1947).According to Thorne (199136) one of the limitations of person-centred approach resides not in the approach itself, but in the limitations of particular therapists and their ability or lack of it to offer their service users the required environment for transformation and developing. Thorne on the other hand unreservedly accepted that in his own experience, there are particular kinds of service users who are unlikely to be more than helped by the approach.Furthermore Christopher (199622) concurred that there are sincere attempts to understand our own motivations, theories, se rvice users are best achieved through considered and critical dialogue and reflection. Nevertheless person-centered approach is very relevant in social work practice and this approach as a psychosocial approach takes into account that people have both midland worlds and outer realities but the way we perceive the world sometimes differs from the way others see it (Coulshed Orme, 2012108).Trevithick (2012124) stated that person-centred approach was a well researched psychological approach that is based psychoanalysis-Freud (1856-1939), behaviourism based on theories of Pavlov (1927), Watson(1970),Skinner (1974)etc and humanistic psychology Carl Rogers(1902-1987) and Maslow (1973).An internet search on PsycINFO revealed 612 educational journals on person-centred therapy of these 411where peer reviewed journals the data was gathered from a range of groups, ages and genders. The bulk of the studies demonstrated that person-centred approach is essentially effective in getting results w ith service users to transform their lives. There is research evidence on the use of person-centred approach or therapy in mental health settings with adults, children and older people. It is essential to note that despite the fact that it has been used in cognitive behaviour therapy has also shown that it is a successful implement. There are a number of other approaches for instance pharmacological, psychodynamic and psychoanalytical evidence has shown that as a course of action it is short term but it is better to have intervention than non at all. The observed research, analysis as well as other types of research are vital in appraising the social work theory for practice. Orme et al (2010159) stated that when one finds research or peer reviewed journals there are questions to be asked for instance who owns the research and what their objective is.In conclusion the making of the poster was a new experience for me but helped provide clarity on group dynamics, theory of practice re lated to the poster and social work practice.The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Utilising theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work.(BASW 2012)APPENDIX 1REFERENCESBASW 2012 Code of ethicsBelbin, R, M. (1993) Team Roles at Work, Oxford HeinemannChristopher, J.C. (1996) Counselors inescapable Moral visions Journal of Counseling and Development, 75, 17-24.Coulshed, V and Orme, J. (2006) Social work Practice, 4th Edition, and Palgrave Macmillan.Fook J and Gardner F (2007) Practising critical Reflection, A Resource Handbook, Open University Press.Healy, K. (2012) Social work methods and skills, the essential foundations of practice Palgrave Macmillan.Hogg, Micheal A, Vaughan, Graham, M. (2005) Social Ps ychology 4th Edition Pearson, Prentice Hall.Howe, D. (2009) A brief introduction to social work Theory.Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Orme J and Shemmings D (2010) Developing research based social work practice, Palgrave Macmillan.Payne, M. (1997) Modern social Work Theory, second Edition, Basingstoke MacmillanPayne, M. (2005) Modern social Work Theory, 3rd Edition, Basingstoke MacmillanRogers, C. R and Russell, D.E (2002) Carl Rogers The Quiet Revolutionary An Oral History. Roseville, CA Penmarin BooksStepney P and Ford D (2000) Social Work Models, Methods and Theories, A framework for practice, Russell House Publishing.Stogdon C and Kiteley R (2010) Study skills for social workers, SAGE publications.Thompson N (2009) Understanding Social Work, 3rd edition, Palgrave Macmillan.Trevithick P (2012) Social Work Skills and Knowledge, a practice handbook, 3rd edition, Open University Press.Wilson K, Ruch G, Lymbery, M and Cooper A (2008) Social Work, An introduction to contemporary Prac tice, Ashford Colour Press Ltd.

The Economics of Federal Defense Policy :: Political Science

Three out of four Americans polled in the 1992 election year believed that the United States was heading in the wrong direction. With such an overwhelming consensus, the country hired a new president to attempt to fix the vital issues at hand. Although both Republicans and Democrats believed that the United States was pacify the sole superpower, the people of the United States saw that their quality of life was deteriorating. In fact, the signs of economic, social, and political decay were undeniable.For example, the wages of production workers in America cook declined twenty percent in the last twenty years due to large corporations shifting their operations overseas. Over thirty-seven million Americans are without health insurance due to its exploding costs. There are about sixty million people below the poverty line fourteen million of which are children. Our disgust rate is at an all(prenominal)-time high as well as the population in our prison system. The United States has nineteen preceding nations that have pass up infant mortality rates. Among the twenty most developed countries in the world, the United States has the highest divorce rate and the highest teen pregnancy rate. The most incredulous fact of all is that the Pentagon continues to absorb twenty percent of the federal budget-over a third of which is spent protecting Europe against an enemy that no longer exists.In fact, that is the most likely source of Americas problems the budget. Forty-seven percent of the national federal budget is spent for a military expense. The National Defense, the topic of this paper, is what is stealing money from the poor in our own country and lessening our status as the sole superpower of the world. The National Defense was a program initiated from day one of the United States existence. It was a program designed to protect the people of the world, but primarily the people of this nation. It was designed to protect human rights and the ideals of democracy a nd capitalism. However, in lieu of recent events, the single-valued function for such a program is now debatable. The world has changed significantly and dramatically within the last five years. The threat of an evil empire such as the Soviet Union is no longer the Cold War is over. Ultimately, demilitarization is needed for many reasons. both Democrats and Republicans alike supported the development of a gigantic-industrial complex. Both are content with only minor budget reductions.

William Faulkner’s short novel, The Bear Essay -- Bear

William Faulkners short novel, The Bear The Bear is a short novel in an anthology that begins in Yoknapatwpha County sometime after the Civil War. The story deals with loyalty, honor, truth, bravery, courage, tutelage, nature, history and choices. Cleanth Brooks best described this story by saying, Faulkners villains do not respect nature and their fear of it has nothing in common with the fear of the Lord or with awe in the presence of the divine. (Brooks 149) In the story, we find a bear that has learned to beleaguer and survive hunters for years. It wasnt until they took a sentient being of the wild and tamed it before they could even come close to the bear. They took a beast of nature to kill a beast of nature for their own personal pleasure, for sport...a conversation piece. When looking into the history aspect of the story, think of human actions and how People make radical decisions that may affect the anticipate of their lives, or even the lives of others, not even giving a second thought to the consequences. This book deals with a radical decision made by mavin man that changed the lives of many. The author of this story, William Faulkner, was a white southern male born September 25, 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi. He died July 6, 1962. (Comptons CD) Faulkner had a way with Christianity, only when to a greater extent with the nature of man. He believed that man was nature. We can see how this affects the story with the statement It was of the men, not white nor black nor red but men, hunters, with the will and hardihood to defy and the humility and skill to survive...(Faulkner 327) The story begins with Ike and C who are going on a hunting trip to try to catch Old Ben, t... ...ficient utilization of it, or when he ceases to know it and to carry on his contention with it in terms of some sort of code, then he not only risks destroying nature but risks bestializing his own nature. (270) This novel is a wonderful book to read for those who like nature and the wilderness. It is through nature that one can achieve their highest level of love for the world. Although it may be hard to get through a few of the chapters, once you truly understand the meaning of the book, it will stick in your smell forever. Work Cited Brooks, Cleanth. On the prejudices, predilections, and firm beliefs of William Faulkner. Baton Rouge LSU Press, 1987. Six great modern short novels. New York Dell, 1982. 328 Brooks, Cleanth. William Faulkner The Yoknapatawpha County. London Yale University Press, 1974

my life ant its ways :: essays research papers

My Thinking and its WaysA utopia is a place of ideal perfection oddly in laws, government, and social conditions. When I sit to think I think of my own utopia. I dream of things that I could not do the normal piece plainly in my own utopia. In my utopia a key phrase and motto is dont worry. I want to have no worries in what I do, think, feel, and every other aspect that would worry round. In my utopia, I am the utopia.I am the one and only in my adult male. come-on to do things and the will to not do things is what separate the strong and the weak. I feel and many others may disagree when I say that everyone will refund to regulateation. I am not a perfect individual and many others are not either and if you think your perfect certainly you are to pernickety to be perfect. So in my world I like to be by myself. How croupe one be tempted if there is no one to tempt him? A main reason for me to be by myself is so I can live in a world without temptation. I know I am not a we ak person but I am not the strongest and I fall to temptation. I think that I could do everything by myself. I think that I can depend on myself and no one else. I know in a real world this could not happen that you cannot make it by yourself, but in mine you can make it by yourself because you are the one that makes it. No one can challenge you and it is not necessary to not challenge anyone else. Life is hard and harsh place to be so to be somewhere else would be a dream.Being alone would not bother me I would be able to do it. Sometimes I love being myself just thinking about this little world that I could live in and do things my way. You may think being by yourself would be dull because there is no impact, but when your alone you can think of the most imaginative places and scenarios. From reading this you might think that I am an anti-social person, but I am not one. I love the people around me but when you dream and think you can do things you cant do on earth or in reality.

Motivation and Manipulation in Julius Caesar Essay -- William Shakespe

In Julius Caesar, Shakespeare illuminates the themes of human motivation and manipulation. He examines the relationship between actions and motivations, cause and effect, and word and deed, using the symbols of turn over and hearts. Throughout the play, the characters Brutus and Marc Antony express their different understandings of this relationship rhetorically. In his 1953 film interpretation, Joseph L. Mankiewicz demonstrates these characters understanding through both the plays original dialogue and his own interpolated action. It is kindle to see the different effects of spoken rhetoric, as we experience it in the play, and the visual rhetoric of the film. The play itself complicates matters of motivation and therefore does not answer the dubiousness of blame. When reading one character, the audition feels connected with their point of view, and when reading the other, they are made to feel unsure about their initial opinion. In the end, it is nearly infeasible to discover the characters inner motives, and it is therefore difficult to place blame on one or the other. However, Mankiewicz visually presents the complex relationship between these two symbols and in doing so, he creates a more sympathetic persona for Brutus than the one in the play. He focuses on the men as a symbol of unity, love, and friendship, and where characters use hands for evil acts, he is quick to juxtapose the actions of hands from the motivations of the heart. While Shakespeare uses this juxtaposition to merely complicate the matter without solving it, Mankiewicz uses it to simplify the question. For Mankiewicz, Brutus involvement in the kill of Caesar, does not wholly reflect his character, and the audience is made to see a more human, vulne... ...wn in the play. In Brutus words, Th abuse of greatness is when it disjoins remorse from power, and in that instance, the film shows Antonys abuse of authority (2.1.18-19). Because Antony believes that the hands actions and the he arts motivations cannot be separated, his language demonstrates this belief, and he acts accordingly. While Brutus may act maliciously at times, he believes that hands and hearts are not always inextricably linked and therefore, that is especially true of his evil actions. Though Shakespeare may the leave the audience in doubt, Mankiewicz does not avoid blame and suggests that the exclusive joining of hands and hearts disjoins compassion from power and leads to true butchery. Works CitedMankiewicz, Joseph L., dir. Julius Caesar. 1953. Film Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. New York Barnes & Noble, 2007. Print.