Economic Analysis of Oligopoly Essay

This has been extended and they are now looking to expand their hold on the Australian market by moving into the liquor industry. Julian Lee (2008) highlights Coles and Woolworths move into the industry, by trying to build on their previous acquisitions of liquor outlets to challenge the major brands for a share of the $6 billion per year Australian beer market. The article reveals that Coles and Woolworths plan to ‘give more space to their own beers and promote the beers in their hotels’. The beer market has so far been resistant and has retained a strong brand loyalty. Coles and Woolworths are competing against each other and relying heavily on price discounting and forming supplier contracts to attain exclusive supply. The article questions whether or not these oligopolies will be as successful as previously in attaining their complete dominance because ‘home or exclusive brands’ are currently only a small component of the market. b Justification of the topic ‘Supermarkets brew up a crate full of profits’ is an article that clearly describes the workings on an oligopolistic market. The fact that the market is governed by two powerful firms that have the ability to influence price shows that the market more closely resembles a duopolistic structure. The beer and liquor industry comprises a differentiated oligopoly of which Woolworths and Coles are the main controllers. Woolworths and Coles control between 78 and 80. per cent of the national grocery market according to two 2008 retail surveys (Lenaghan, 2008), indicating a very high seller concentration ratio, and this figure points out the two giants’ share of the supermarket industry, including their diversification into liquor. It is clear that the competitors hope to extend this duopoly in the beer market where they have been less successful. Coles and Woolworths can be justified as a competitive duopoly as they are interdependent. They rely on each other o judge pricing of products and it has been suggested (Moynihan, 2007) that the two powers collude to maximize their profits. Significant barriers to entry for independent competitors have been created including large start up costs. The sheer size of their companies allows them to influence legislation, the fact that they encompass large economies of scale, and their control of raw materials helps these two firms to retain the staggering market share ‘to an extent unparalleled in other countries. ’(Jones, 2005) 2. Economic Analysis It is quite evident that Coles and Woolworths began their crusade of the Australian liquor industry early. Estimates of the ‘take out sales figure would be somewhat over $9 billion of a total liquor market of about $17 billon’ (Jones, 2005). Over the years the rises in productivity and efficiency have enabled the companies to sell at a discounted price. ‘Woolworths has long been engaged in a project to reduce costs through improvements in supply chain logistics’ (Jones 2005). Coles and Woolworths are well aware that this efficiency leads to increasing returns to scale. They hold economies of scale and scope that their nearest rivals cannot compete with and therefore their long run average costs continue to decline whist their output quantities are more than doubling. The long run average cost curve (1) is produced when economies of scale are many and diseconomies of scale are few. 1. 2. It is very clear that Coles and Woolworths association of groceries and liquor retailing is a classic example of oligopolistic firms attempting to further enhance their market. ‘In the mid 80’s Coles bought the Liquorland group signalling its entry into liquor retailing. Coles bought Vintage Cellars in 1992, the Australian Liquor Group in 2001, and the sizeable Theo’s business in 2003. Woolworths bought Victoria’s Dan Murphy in 1999, Tooheys Bros in Sydney in 2000, the Liberty Liquor group (including Harry’s Liquor) in 2001, the Booze Brothers Chain in South Australia in 2000, the Super Cellar group in South Australia in 2003, Bailey & Bailey in South Australia in 2003, and ALH in late 2004. Woolworths also acquired 18 licenses from the purchase of Franklins’ grocery chain in 2001’. (Jones 2005) This shows the industry power that the duopoly own, although as Lee rites they have found that ‘beer has remained resistant’ to the takeover of private home brand labels. Home brand labels have relied on a discounted price to capture the market’s attention, a strategy that will have little success with beer. The beer industry is already dominated by premium, boutique, imported and Aussie favourite beers t hat the chance of finding a large market share is unlikely. At the moment the in-house brands make up ‘just 2%’ of the beer market, most of which is taken up by Sol, a Woolworths brand. The beer industry is unlike the grocery industry where a discounted price is favourable. The Australian brewing duopoly of Fosters and Lion Nathan both believe that ‘branded beer will win out’ and are not worried that the products being forced into the market by Coles and Woolworths ‘will eat into (their) market share’. Coles and Woolworths envisions that the low priced private label brands will increase their demanded quantity from Q1 to Q2 (2) and this in turn will increase their market share and their profits. In the long run they will also be able to force more small independent brewers and sellers out of business because these retailers do not encompass the specialisation skills or labour to be able to price lower than the oligopolists or even match their prices. Although matching any price reduction for the oligopolist who retains significant economies of scale can be treated with simplicity. This can be shown by a downward movement in the marginal cost curve. (3) The prices for the consumer would decrease and the average total cost for the producer also decreases. The local liquor retailer could more often than not, have no success in moving their marginal cost curve to match that of the oligopolists. These independents’ market share and profitability will in effect reduce dramatically. This can then cause possible reductions in the industry shifting the supply curve to the left. For the consumer this is ultimately a negative scenario as the oligopolists who charge a cheaper price at present, will be able to increase their prices once the other competition has been eliminated (4). (3)(4) The article gives light onto the fact that the two giants’ are ‘creating exclusive contracts for (their) retail outlets’ and this restricts competitors selling their brands. ‘Woolworths already distributes Bitburger, Lowenbrau and Amsterdam Mariner, while Coles sells Hollandia, Cantina Cerveza, Bavaria, Estrella Damm, Harviestoun, La Trappe and Konig Pilsner. It also contracts Boag’s – now owned by Lion Nathan – to make Tasman Bitter, Tasman Gold and Hammer ‘n’ Tongs for the chain’. It is clear that already Coles and Woolworths dominates much of the beer market by owning the outlets and the contracts to sell the beer itself. They anticipate that loyal customers will have to come to their outlet when shopping for their regular branded beer. It is also highlighted that ‘imported premium beer sales have grown by 20%’ from January 2007, a figure which is likely to increase. Coles and Woolworths are furthermore using their oligopolist power to create barriers and retaliate at competitors. In 2002 Fosters had no choice but to decide against branching into the retailer market as Coles had began to reduce the stocking of Fosters’ lines in its outlets (Jones, 2005). It had become clear that Coles and Woolworths were not going to let their market be penetrated by other competitors and that notion of collusion seems to be a regular and probable occurrence. Although oligopolists frequently collude, within the beer industry collusion is not yet possible as they are still trying to dominate the existing market. If the two firms were to succeed in their strategy to dominate the market and collude to set higher prices for the consumer their profit margins would be very high and the industry would resemble that of a pure monopoly (5). . Conclusion The $6 billion Australian beer market has proved to be resilient to attempts by the two giants to capture the industry. Ultimately the oligopolists plan to attempt to take hold of the beer market as they have done with groceries and petrol. In the short run, the economies of scale and the continuous logistics improvements provides the consumer with cheaper prices that the independents may not be able to provid e and consequently when the independents are run out of the market the competition and prices of the industry may increase dramatically. Coles and Woolworths are aiming to ‘target the value shopper, and that’s where private label and control labels are playing. ’ The potential success of this is questioned in the article, as within the beer industry the value shopper makes up a ‘small component of the market’. Only time will tell if Coles and Woolworths can continue to extend their previous successes.

Living Like a Weasel

A mind-changing unexpected encounter Didn't we all had one or several moments in life that made you see yourself, the way you live in a whole new perspective? That special moment where it felt like lightning struck you and you changed your perspective of life? For some of you might have been the birth of your child or the moving to a different country? To Dillard it was the unexpected encounter with a weasel. Annie Dillard was born in 1945 and it seems like she always had a thirst for reading, writing and overall literature.She studied literature and creative writing and has wrote several books, novels and essays and even won the Pulitzer Price for â€Å"Pilgrim at the Creek†. Thus I think it was really interesting to read one of her shorter works â€Å"Living Like a Weasel†, a story in which Annie Dillard describes her magical unexpected encounter with a Weasel in six parts. Dillard starts out by directly pointing to the ‘weasel topic' by introducing it with a sh ort 4 word sentence â€Å"A weasel is wild†(Diyanni, p. 97).She goes on with a question to get the readers' attention and let them be part of her journey, â€Å"Who knows what he thinks† (Diyanni, p. 97). A detailed description of a weasel's hunting habit follows. It almost come across as a beast in a horror movie and the adjectives intensify the mental image, â€Å"he bites his prey by the neck, either splitting the jugular vein at the throat or crunching the brain at the base of the skull†(Diyanni, p. 97). She uses the two comparisons of a rattle snake and a sticky label to enhance the image of the weasel that will never let go once it sunk its teeth in something.The first part creates a negative image of a wild weasel. In the second part Dillard explains why she knows all the previous stated facts in the introduction because she recently saw a weasel. After she briefly mentions this fact she guides us in to her world away from civilization. â€Å"Hollis Pond , †¦ also called Murray's Pond†. Her description is again very detailed, such as including the number 6 two times, â€Å"With six inches of water and six thousand lily pads†.Six is considered to be the most harmonious number, with â€Å"a loving and caring nature† (www. numerology. com) and underlines the cozy impression the reader gets when she describes the peaceful, to Dillard even magical pond, â€Å"from the distant shore they look like miracles itself, complete with miracle's nonchalance† (Diyanni, p. 98). Even though suburbia is a common term Dillard almost makes it seem like Hollis Pond is an own little world named suburbia, â€Å"This, mind you, suburbia† (Diyanni, p. 98), placed in the middle of civilization.However when you are there you feel like you are in a completely different place, where nothing of the rest of the world is noticable. She even defines frontiers of her â€Å"suburbia†, â€Å"there is a 55 mph highway at o ne end of the pond, and a pair of nesting wood ducks at the other† (Diyanni, p. 100). Furthermore Dillard repeats the number five twice, â€Å"It is a five-minute walk†, â€Å"55mph highway†. The number five symbolizes dynamic and energy, it represents the life style of every day's life, that is mostly hectic and fast, people do not rest and take in the moment.Dillard bans this hectic environment from her world, in which she is the queen. It seems like she is above it and sits on a throne-like bench, which is supported by several adjectives such as â€Å"upholstered bench†, â€Å"upper†, â€Å"plush jetty raised†,†watching the lily pads at my feet† (Diyanni, p. 99). Then all of a sudden she has an unexpected encounter with the weasel. Her upper dominant position is mentioned once more, â€Å"I was looking down at the weasel, who was looking up at me† (Diyanni, p. 99).The third part of Dillard's essay begins with the descrip tion of the weasel. However it is not nearly as negative as it was in the beginning but rather positive, â€Å"thin as a curve, a muscled ribbon, brown as fruitwood, soft furred† (Diyanni, p. 99). Both, human and animal, exchange glances and hold eye-contact for several seconds. For Dillard it seems to be a magical moment as if the two have a mutual, unspoken understanding and goes on with emphasizing this for her extremely special meeting.The weasel is the one to break off the eye contact, but Dillard tries to gain it again. This is the first clear moment where the theme wildness and necessity versus consciousness and choice comes up. For the weasel it was nothing special, it only checked if the human would harm it in any way. However due to the human's consciousness Dillard interprets a whole new meaning into this encounter, for a minute she was mentally connected with an wild animal. She even asks herself what a weasel might think and thus puts it on the same level as huma n.Part four continues with the change that the unexpected meeting has caused in Dillard. It seems like her mind switched and experienced an eye-opener. Now Dillard is aware of the fact that she should live life to the fullest, just like the weasel does â€Å"I would like to live as I should† (Diyanni, p. 100), that she needs to change her previous life style, â€Å"I would like to live as I should† (Diyanni, p. 100). Part five begins with regrets that she has about her life, â€Å"I missed my chance†. The whole two paragraphs are marked with ways she could life.She uses various metaphors and comparisons as if she was a weasel but those stylistic device do not necessarily explain how she wants to change her life style, but rather establishes the question of the social interaction and living with each other â€Å"Could two live under the wild rose†¦?†¦ We could you know. † She answers all questions in the second paragraph that she asked herself as ked in the first, â€Å" A weasel doesn't ‘attack' anything; a weasel lives as he is meant to† (Diyanni, p. 101) The sixth and last part is about Dillard's conviction, that the weasel's life can be used as an example.That you should free yourself from all consciousness and live in necessity, to open up and enjoy life, to put your inside and your feelings to the outside and strip down to the bones, â€Å"let your musky flesh fall off in shreds† (Diyanni, p. 101). I enjoyed reading this essay and for myself gained a different perspective off of it. However I think Dillard saw something that was not there. She interpreted a new life perspective into her encounter with a weasel. It is a good example of that human beings are superior to all other animals.We have consciousness and try to connect events and make sense out of them. We constantly look for change and strive for better. To me Dillard took it a notch to far with the mind connecting, however it made me think, it convinced me that sometimes that you need to grab life by its throat and take it all in without thinking too much, seize the day and once in a while, live a little mindless. References: Annie Dillard: Living like a Weasel in: Diyanni, Robert:50 Great Essays. 4th. New York City: Penguin Academics, 2010. Print. http://www. anniedillard. com/ http://www. numerology. com/numerology-numbers/6

ICT's & strategic change-master level Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

ICT's & strategic change-master level - Essay Example The original intention use of social media networking is to socializing but it is has exploited by organizations as a mean of information communication technology ICT’s for strategic change. This exploitation of social media networking is consequence of unintended use of IS application. ICT’s & the Strategic Change Drivers: Organization Perspective Jansen et al (2010) investigated the relationship between information sharing on social media and user’s behaviors, they found that the more users involved in social media application the more is their ability to act on these opinion sharing and knowledge they received. The Drivers of Organization behind Employing Social Media Application In theory, any organization is part of external environments, interconnected to other organizations and external environment which is known as ‘the organization as a system’ (Senior &Fleming, pp.6, 2006). The Organization, as a system theory, is not in isolation but a pla ce in the external environment where it receives its input from the external environment and produces their output to the environment. This implies the interrelation and influence of an organization on each other’s and the influence of the external environment in border context. ... The Game theory helps us to understand our organization and our competitors, the theory has been derived from the art of war based on ‘thus, it is said that one who knows the enemy and knows himself will not be endangered in a hundred engagements. One who does not know the enemy but knows himself will sometime be victorious, some time meet with defeat. One who knows neither the enemy nor himself will invariably be defeated in every engagement’ (Day & Reibstein , 2004). By understanding the different theories related to the organization and the dynamic external environment that will help us to understand the need for strategic change. Many sounds theory emphasized that any organization is not island of isolation but further more is placed in dynamic environments with many other organizations. Therefore the need to understand this environment is matter along with understanding other organization in another word the ‘competitors’. In the case of UK government, employing some framework would be good to analyze and understand the dynamic environment in which the organization placed. I will apply two framework here which are SWOT analysis and Porter framework. SWOT The basic strength of the UK government is its resiliency and the government structure in itself. The vast resources that have been accumulated in the past several hundred years is a testament to the resiliency of the UK government. The ICT of the UK in general gives an edge over all the other European countries. The weakness from my point of view of the UK government is the red tape that abounds the government offices. This weakness is borne from the different controls needed to safe guard the interest of the public. The opportunity that is

Car Wash in Abu Dhabi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Car Wash in Abu Dhabi - Essay Example Entrepreneurship starts with the process of being able to establish a small-scale business. In relation to small business management, this report will discuss the proposed business project which is to establish a car wash station in Abu Dhabi, UAE. After discussing the type of business entity or forms of business ownership which will be used in the proposed business project, the rationale for selecting this particular business project will be tackled in details.   As part of the strategic planning process, the mission and vision statement will be stated briefly followed by conducting an environmental or industry analysis. This section will have three (3) sub-sections which will focus on applying the industry framework of Porter’s basic five forces of competition, PESTLE, and SWOT. Eventually, competitive analysis will be conducted followed by discussing the strategic alternatives, goal settings and strategies, and control system. Before presenting the actual business plan, a business feasibility study will be conducted to determine the proposed business’ estimated return on investment.1.1  Proposed Business Project  The proposed business project is to establish a car wash station in Abu Dhabi, UAE. Today, one of the major competitors of the proposed business is the ADNOC petrol station. Aside from selling products like lubricants and fuels, ADNOC is also offering aviation services, vehicle inspection, car wash, and change oil services (ADNOC, 2013a; 2013b; 2013 c).... 9 2.3.2 PESTLE Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 2.3.2.1 Political and Legal Aspects †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 2.3.2.2 Economic Aspect †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 2.3.2.3 Social Aspect †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 2.3.2.4 Technological Aspect †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 2.3.3 SWOT Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 2.3.3.1 Strength †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 2.3.3.2 Weaknesses †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 2.3.3.3 Opportunities †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 2.3.3.4 Threats †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 2.4 Competitive Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 2.5 Strategic Alternatives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 2.6 Control System †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 18 3. Business Feasibility ..........†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 4. Conclusion and Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 21 - 26 Appendix I – List of Other Small-Scale Car Wash Businesses in Abu Dhabi †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 27 Appendix II – Summary of Porter’s Five Forces Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 29 Appendix III – UAE GDP Annual Growth Rate †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 30 Appendix IV – UAE Interest Rate †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 31 Appendix V – UAE Unemployment Rate

Summary and opinion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Summary and opinion - Essay Example As soon as they finally overcame its effects, they could not help but realize that the numerous effects of globalization had all of a sudden taken place. Thirdly, the article talks about the invention of the broadband connections and email software such as search engines like Google that made the effects of globalization even more evident and made way for the world to become even flatter. Also, the email system and internet brought about a great change in the way people communicated and worked from then onwards. Moreover, ‘It’s a flat world after all’ talks about how the globalization system has allowed all the knowledge pools around the world to connect together over the years. These knowledge pools when combined will lead to brand new innovations and developments and these will emerge not from one specific area but will be a combination of the North, South, East, and the West. The article further states that there are various key factors that led to globalization or to the world becoming a flat one. The first factor of these took place on 9 November in 1989 when the Berlin wall came down. Then the second of these took place on September 08, 1995 when Netscape went public and the internet emerged and the dot com boom was triggered around that point. Furthermore, one observed a breakthrough in person-to-person and application-to-application connectivity that further produced six more world flatteners. One of them was ‘outsourcing’. With further passage of time came the concept of ‘off-shoring’, which referred to sending an entire factory from one country to another. This was followed by ‘open sourcing’ which was further followed by ‘in sourcing’ and then by ‘supply chaining’. After this, came the world flattener that was ‘informing’ which took place when Google and other such search engines came as inventions. The

Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Plagiarism - Essay Example cies of GCU, a student may be awarded an F grade for the complete course in which he has conducted academic dishonesty or F grade may be assigned to the project or the assignment in which he had conducted the act of plagiarism. If the university wishes, they may remove the student from the course or the student might have to take the course again or credit for a particular course may be deleted, this will result in failure to obtain the degree for which the student has gained education. To avoid issues that are regarded as academic dishonesty, students should refrain from such acts and instead of conducting plagiarism; they should consider options such as proper time management in order to manage educational, family and work life. At GCU, students are provided with policies that clearly state what instances are considered as plagiarism and how can one avoid plagiarism by properly giving credit to others for their work. Plagiarism software’s needed to check plagiarisms are even available so students do not conduct academic

Chemical engineering course work in clean process technolgy Coursework

Chemical engineering course work in clean process technolgy - Coursework Example Nuclear energy provides a carbon free alternative to fossil fuel, but after the Fukushima disaster in 2011, the acceptance of nuclear plants has become very difficult. Most new generating plants will continue to be based on fossil fuels. A study by BP plc., titled â€Å"Energy Outlook 2035†, quoted by Mark Webster, shows that over the next 20 years CO2 emissions from the non-OECD region will grow as shown in Figure 1 (Webster). The chart shows that CO2 emissions from the OECD countries would level off at the levels prevailing in 2013 but the emissions from the non-OECD countries would rise rapidly. The red line marked IEA 450 is the target of 450 ppmv (parts per million volume) of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere that the International Energy Agency considers as the absolute upper limit to prevent a temperature rise exceeding 20C. This is considered the upper limit of temperature rise to prevent disastrous climate change (Webster). The vast majority of these new power plants will be coal fired since coal is the most abundant fossil fuel. A coal plant has an operating life of about 50 years and the need is for a technology that can be retrofitted to existing fossil fuel power plants to capture CO2 emissions from the flue gases before they are emitted into the atmosphere. Post-combustion chemical absorption technology is the most promising of the carbon capture technologies presently available. Carbon dioxide emissions also occur from many other industrial processes other than power generation. These include steel mills, cement plants and oil refineries. Post-combustion chemical absorption technology can be readily applied to these industries as well. The schematic diagram of the post-combustion chemical absorption process is as shown in Figure 2 from a presentation by Dr. Stanley Santos of the International Energy Agency. The flue gases

Exploring how Japanese managers adapt in the United States Essay

Exploring how Japanese managers adapt in the United States - Essay Example This in turn makes the organizations to send their local professionals to foreign countries. This however happens most of the time. In order to survive in a foreign country, one of the things that will make it easy for you is to understand the culture of your host country. This enables smooth and effective communication. In understanding the culture of that given country, the most important thing that the Japanese learn is in particular what each society and what they display mean. Cultural adaptations should be on the key front when these manager of organizations decide that they are to send their employees to work in a foreign country (Hoecklin 1995). By implementing a moderate level of cultural adaptation in main settings, professionals create more effectual business relationships, in that way furthering tactical corporate goals. Globalization generates new business opportunities for multinational corporations (MNCs) These MNCs increasingly employ expatriation approaches to make t heir entrance in to markets that are new easy and to administer their coworkers. As much as the responsibility of the worker who is sent to a foreign country is very important, the strategy in which they adapt in is surrounded with a lot of danger. Additionally, the emigre also posses multiple risks for instance if their result outcome is low, this leads to major financial hitches to the organization. (Hodgetts 2005). Many expletory studies of how Japanese emigres become accustomed to working in the United States after a while have been conducted at length. The final results recommend that the managers of Japanese origin adapt ways that are way above their normal concrete and vigor in their stay in the United States. It is also to be noted that the bigger the group of emigres, the... For managers to be effectual in becoming accustomed to their know-how and practices in an overseas country, it is clear that they must have fine technical knowledge in management, excellent understanding of local culture that is culture-specific knowledge in addition to high-quality cross-cultural communications abilities. even though it may be fair to presume that all à ©migrà © managers sent abroad have to necessarily be technically capable which may differ in some cases, it should be comprehended that being able to function well in one’s own culture does not automatically imply that one can do well in a different culture. This possibly will not just be due to the lack of cultural knowledge. To be efficient as a manager in one’s own culture does not usually necessitate one to question lots of the cultural suppositions behind one’s actions or to recognize the cause’s actions, whether they are technically necessary or culturally pleasing to attain good outcomes. To be able to transplant management or technical processes in a different culture, or to expand such processes from zero or from accessible local processes, would necessitate one to question many essential suppositions and to set up the fresh premises based on fine perceptive of in cooperation technical and cultural requirements. It is this final feature of technical capability, which is often tricky to identify. Though, such competence are most probably there in people who are inventive in their own culture, such as those who are capable of setting up novel processes and systems to manage with environmental changes at home and to augment organizational efficiency otherwise, such capability could also be found in people who have already a triumphant track record in cross-cultural management.

Database Forensics and Auditing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Database Forensics and Auditing - Research Paper Example The paper will focus on the differences between database forensics and databases auditing. This paper has focus on the definition of database forensic and database auditing, the regulation under database auditing, the meaning of Data Access Auditing, and Data Monitoring. The goal is to clarify the comparison between database forensic and auditing tools by analyzing some of their features. In addition, the paper will show the threats that may affect the database and how it can affect database forensic and auditing. In conclusion, databases can be secured using a number of strategies that restrict unauthorized access, incorrect alteration of data and enhance data integrity to ignore any kind of hacking or losing data. Introduction The Verizon business risk team did an investigation of 90 data breaches occurred in 2008, which revealed an overall score of 285 million stolen records. Likewise, 80% of data breaches occurred due to weak corporate information security and initiated from exte rnal sources i.e. from hackers, malicious codes etc. and 20% data breaches were initiated internally (Goldmann, n.d). Moreover, 49% of data breaches in 2008 were not diagnosed for months. Furthermore, in 2008, 81% organizations affected from credit card breaches were not able to perform their last PCI assessment (Goldmann, n.d). Apart from deploying most updated technology and controls, data is still being compromised. Likewise, tactics of a hacker is categorized as 70 % credentialed users, 10% trading partners and 46% internal threats (Goldmann, n.d). ‘Wikileaks’ and ‘Stuxnet’ virus is one of the recent major security breaches. In summary, the increasing numbers of data breaches are astounding and strive to do more research for database security and protection. It shows that the laws, policies, compliance and regulations are not enough to counter these challenges. In order to protect databases via best practices, we will first differentiate between databas e forensics and database auditing, as there two terms will demonstrate adequate protection from potential threats and vulnerabilities. After describing these terms, we will incorporate Microsoft Log miner tool for collecting forensic evidence from a database and for auditing or reviewing database current state, SQL auditing will be incorporated. Database Forensics Database forensics that is also called Oracle forensics is relatively a new evolving field. Database forensics is conducted by different tools that facilitate Oracle Database Administrator (DBA) to re-establish actions performed on the database with the exception of deactivated forensic features. Likewise, database forensics identifies the suspect by extracting traces of an attacker from the database and revert the suspicious transactions if possible. The primary goal of database forensics is to analyze the vulnerabilities that were utilized and exploited by the threat and to rollback any unofficial data manipulation opera tions. However, it is a daunting task, as attackers play safe and prefer attacks from other regions and IP addresses that involve different time zones and mediums before extracting data or compromising security controls of a database. Some of the vulnerabilities associated with database compromises include default and unchanged usernames and passwords, passwords are not long, complex or easily guessable, Database is not up to date and missing critical updated

Rates of Reaction Essay Example for Free

Rates of Reaction Essay An enzyme is a protein molecule that helps other organic molecules start chemical reactions with one another; however, the enzyme itself is not affected by the reaction. A substrate is the substance acted upon by the enzyme. In this lab, catalase is the enzyme and hydrogen peroxide is the substrate. Catalase is found in both plant and animal tissues, and is abundant in plant storage organs. In this experiment, catalase is used from potatoes. Catalase is important to living things because it prevents the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the cell. Hydrogen peroxide is produced naturally as a byproduct of metabolism. It tends to disrupt the cells’ chemistry, too much can kill a cell. Therefore, the presence of catalase is needed to survive. Catalase breaks down the toxic hydrogen peroxide into harmless water and oxygen. If the concentration of the substrate hydrogen peroxide is related to the reaction rate of the enzyme catalase, then an increase in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide will increase the reaction rate of catalase. Catalase: Methods and Materials In order to experiment and determine the affects concentration has on reaction rate, you will need several materials. Such as, potato extract, crushed ice and water in a large beaker to keep the catalase cool, since catalase is sensitive to temperature. Hydrogen peroxide solution is needed at six different concentrations (10%, 25%, 40%, 60%, 75%, and 100%). Also, 0% hydrogen peroxide is needed, which is just simply water. In addition, you will need a 10 ml graduated cylinder, a 50 ml beaker, forceps, paper dots (Whatman #1 filter paper, 1 cm diameter), a paper towel, a stopwatch, and graph paper. During this lab, be careful of the hydrogen peroxide because it can damage skin and clothes. Be sure to immediately rinse and spills with water. Throughout the lab, always keep the potato extract in the ice-water bath; catalase is very sensitive to warm temperatures. For starters, 0% hydrogen peroxide was tested as the control group; 10 ml of hydrogen peroxide was measured of using a graduated cylinder. This sample is then poured into a 50 ml beaker. After swirling the potato extract, using forceps a paper dot is picked up and immersed into the potato juice for five seconds. Then the dot is drained on a paper towel for 10 seconds. Using the forceps the dot is picked up and placed in the bottom of the beaker containing the hydrogen peroxide solution. Soon the dot was expected to rise to the surface because the potato juice’s catalase would break down the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. The oxygen gas gets trapped in the pores of the paper and caused to float. A stopwatch was used to measure the time in seconds from when the dot touched the solution until it reached the surface. The data was then recorded. The class was split into groups and each group was assigned a different percentile of hydrogen peroxide solution.

Network Attacks in Real Time Scenario Over Campus Network

Network Attacks in Real Time Scenario Over Campus Network Amit Mahajan* Vibhakar Mansotra** ABSTRACT This paper presents study of attacks in real time scenario over the campus network. The attacks were monitored over a time and analyses were made. The paper discusses about the dependency over the IDS/IPS signatures and proposes for a solution which records the events with raw traffic and visualizes the traffic to give better understanding of the behavior of the traffic flow over the network. Keywords: UTM, Attacks, Visualization, Afterglow, tcpdump. I INTRODUCTION Networks have been under attack from the time Internet came into existence. There is consistently some lack of determination connected with the effect of these attacks. In the present situation of PC innovation, any institution can have enormous machine frameworks of distinctive natures. With the advancement of technology, Organizations have started facing difficulties due to different types of computer viruses and attacks. This resulted in tremendous loss of the internal assets like data and utility of time. Thus there is an urgent need to study these attacks and network breaches by means of which one will be able to devise preventive measures and thereby protect the internal assets. In view of the above objectives one has to understand the networks and how they expand widely. Also one has to understand the attacks and breaches. Mostly the internet is one of the sources of the viruses and attacks but quite often the local network is also a major source of threats for campus networks. Generally administrators and organizations safe guard their networks from outside threats but the internal attacks and breaches are very crucial. The IDS/IPS ( ) are installed over the gateway level to scan the outgoing and incoming traffic. Where these kind of mechanism to study the behavior of internal attacks is vague. One is very much interested in knowing the kind of traffic flow, and its identification etc in the network. This kind of approach will help the user community to adopt preventive measures or in other words one has obtain a solution by studying the internal attacks and network breaches and thereby how to minimize and protect the internal assets . Analysis of the netw ork can be used as a tool to scan the network traffic. The behavior of the network may be understood through penetration tools, simulations etc. Alternatively a tool like IPS having capability of network behavior analysis also can be of great help in understanding the problem. SURVEY OF WORK Asmaa Shaker Ashoor and Sharad Gore in their research differentiated the Intrusion Detection System and Intrusion Prevention System (IDS/IPS) technology which is used in the computer networks. They compare the stability, performance and accuracy wise result of IDS and IPS. They highlighted that the major difference between the IDS / IPS is among their deployments over the network. IDS technology works on out band system which means it is not lined with the network path but IPS technology works on in-line with the system, means it can pass through in between the devices in real time. Jared Holsopple, Shanchieh Jay Yang, and Moises Sudit discusses about the Present run-through for fighting cyber-attacks which are typically used by the Intrusion Detection Sensors (IDS) to inactively detect and block multi-stage attacks. The algorithm, TANDI, helps in reducing the problem difficulty by separating the simulations of the attacker’s capability and opportunity and thus fuses the two to determine the attackers intent. The results of the research demonstrate that the algorithm TANDI predicts that the future attack action precisely as long as it is not a coordinated attack and which contains no internal threats. In the presence of the malicious attack events, the algorithm TANDI, will give alarm to the network analyst for further analysis. This can be further analysed with the help of simulation. Nilima R. Patil and Nitin N. Patil in their paper discussed about the importance of attack graph to check the possible attacks in the network. Using attack graph, analysis can be done effectively. This helps the administrators to further analyze the attack graphs deeply to know where their system weaknesses lie. Accordingly help them to decide what kind of security measures can be opted for effective deployment. They study different ways to analyse attack graphs and to provide future scope for research on these attack graphs. Rosslin John Robbles, Tai-hoon Kim, Seung Lee in their paper have shown that a second level in addition to access control intrusion confinement can dramatically enhance the security especially integrity and availability of a system in many situation. It showed that intrusion confinement can effectively resolve the conflicting design goals of an intrusion detection system by achieving both a high rate of detection and a low rate of errors. Developing a more concrete isolation protocols will further be studied in the future research. Meera Gandhi and S.K Srivastava in their paper highlighted the importance of Intrusion detection in business sector and in active area of research. They describe IDS as important tool for information security. An IDS is intended to identify and fight with some common attacks over the network systems. In such systems log displays the list of attacks to the administrator for ambiguous action. This system works as an observant device in the event of attacks directed towards an entire network. In the light of the above available information a need has been felt to undertake similar type of work in the University of Jammu as well. This will help in study of attacks received by the network of the campus. The network is setup on optical fiber backbone with around 100 distributed switches across the campus. Which also has WI- FI wireless Connectivity with access points around 200 approx. Such an ICT facility available over the network is plays an important role in helping the students, researches, teacher and staff. The number of users in the UOJ campus network appxo 3000. Thus the analysis of the attacks is taken up in this campus. II EXPERIMENTAL SETUP USING UTM University of Jammu is one of the pioneer higher educational institutes in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Whose vision is to be an internationally competitive academic and research institution? To achieve University of Jammu has lot of focus on the information technology. In 2003 university started its initiatives to be an IT enabled university by setting up a university campus network on optical fiber backbone. Later this network was further converged with Jammu University JU Wi-Fi. This facility is playing a very crucial role in order to help the students, teachers, researchers and administrative staff to use the ICT facilities available over the network. University of Jammu is having huge internet bandwidth connectivity’s to cater the needs of the university fraternity. This internet bandwidth connectivity’s constantly keeps on upgrading from time to time. At present university is having 40 mbps Internet bandwidth 1:1 OPTICAL FIBER lease line from reliance an d 1 Giga optical fiber connectivity from National Knowledge Network. Students, researchers and teaching faculty are able to access the scholarly contents online from any location within the campus. There are around 37 departments comprising of teaching and centers other than administrative blocks which are connected through this optical fiber back bone network. All the three girls and boys hostels are also connected through the optical fiber backbone. There are around 100 distributed switches (Cisco and Dlink) and approx. 200 indoor wireless access points (Linksys and Dlink) and 18 outdoor access points (Dlink) which are installed at the various locations of these departments / blocks of the university. All the equipment’s are connected through optical fiber backbone to the control room campus network of the university with Cisco catalyst switches 4507R, 4506. In order to maintain such vast network and ICT Facilities University has deployed a UTM device in the network. This UTM device helps the university it administrators to maintain the university campus network more efficiently. UTM installed at the university is a product from world’s top IT security company Cyberoam. This UTM is installed almost all the major academic institutes of the country. The UTM device has multiple solutions in a single box. It comprises of load balancing of internet bandwidths, Antivirus and anti-spam scanning at the gate way level, User identity based firewall rules, gateway level IDS and IPS scanning and AAA authentications etc. This UTM device is installed between the ISPS Routers and Cisco catalyst switches so that the whole traffic gets scanned through the UTM device. All the policies are applied on the firewall rules as per the requirement of the University network. Figure: 1 UTM Deployment in Gateway Mode With the increase in the University network and ICT facilities over this network, it is observed that the ratio of attacks also gets increased. These attacks reduce the performance of the University Network and other ICT facilities available. Thus to study the kind of attacks, their significance and a solution how to reduce them is proposed in this paper. UTM device installed in the University network is considered for collecting the IPS attacks data. Since it has the ability to produce the Attack reports, this will help the University IT administrators to see the trend of the attacks how they are generating and affecting the system. The critical IPS attacks will be studied over a time to find the patterns of the attacks and their significance over the network applications and ports to which they are associated. This study will help the university and other institutes which are using the same UTM to fine-tune the rules and other parameters so that network bandwidth and other services performance does not get affected with the attacks and users of the ICT facilities should have performance oriented service. III DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS USING UTM As described in the previous about the network system university campus. The information on the number of IPS attacks has been collected since 1 July -2013 to 2-dec -2013 (22 weeks). The total number of attacks is 1301567. Out of these the type of attacks having frequency more than approx 100 is 1299646 lakh. These 13 lakh IPS attacks have been classified into 5 categories broadly example HTTP/ HTTPS, ICMP, UDP, FTP, TCP based on the signatures. The display of the number of IPS attacks belonging to each category is shown in figure-2: Figure -2 Classifications of Attacks Out of the above 13 lakh of the attacks the top 14 critical attacks from the five major categories have been identified to 162810 by the IPS and them display is shown in figure-3: From the figure-3 it may be noted that the prominent attack having a frequency greater than equal to 4.38% are 6 types (responses 403 forbidden type is 45.62% , 17.38 % web misc handler access 8.57 % is https/ssl renegotion , 7.38% web php , 7.34% web cgi count , 4.38% info ftp bad login) . While rest of the 16 attacks less than 10 % are having very small frequencies. The percentage of attacks each of the 22 weeks is shown in the bar diagrams in figure series: Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week13 Week 14 Week15 Week 16 Week 17 Week 18 Week 19 Week 20 Week 21 Week 22 Out of 22 weeks, the percentage of Attack Responses 403 Forbidden is the most dominant one. Forbidden attack response is the highest attacks with 45.62% overall in the 22 weeks, this incidence is generated when a 403 error response code is returned to a client by a web server, which indicates that an effort is made to take an unauthorized access to a web server or an application running on a web server. The 400 series error messages indicate an error on the part of the browser client making the request to a web server. The 403 response shows a request for a forbidden resource which cannot be gain access to even with authentication identifications. Many events can show a determined effort to exploit vulnerability on the victim’s server. Certain applications do not perform strict checks when confirming the credentials of a client host linking to the services offered on a host server. It can lead to an unauthorized access and probably escalated rights to that of the administrator. Information stored on the machine will be compromised and trust relationships established between the victim server and the other hosts that can be exploited by an attacker. In such Attack Scenarios; attacker can access the authentication mechanism and provide his/her own credentials to gain access. On the other hand the attacker can exploit the weaknesses to gain the administrator access without any exploit code.While the other prominent attacks are:- ICMP trace route: This attack is generated when a Windows trace route (tracert) is detected. A trace route is be used to discover live hosts and network topologies. A Windows trace route command uses an ICMP echo request with a lower than normal Time to Live (TTL) value to identify live hosts and network topologies. Web- MISC handler Attacks: this attack is generated when an attempt is made to exploit a known vulnerability on a web server or a web application resident on a web server. The other attack which has very high severity level is the SNMP attack. From the figure- 4 shown below , it is noted that there is a peak in the number of attacks in the 8th (19-0ct-2013 and 9th week).It may be noted that this peak is due to SNMP attack responded by UDP with application whose activity is pronounced. Figure: 4 shows16 different types of attacks out of 22 attacks per week are shown Figure –5 different types of major attacks per week Figure: 5 Shows 16 different types of attacks out of 22 attacks per week are shown over the entire period. Of these 6 are found to be more conspicuous: ATTACK-RESPONSES 403 Forbidden (ATK-RES403F) 71067, ICMP trace route (29205), WEB-MISC handler access (13959), SNMP request UDP (11954), SNMP public access UDP (11952), HTTPS/SSL Renegotiation DoS (7062) IV FRAME WORK FOR EVALUATION AT THE GATEWEY LEVEL TO STUDY THE ATTACKS USING RAW PACKETS GENERATED BY THE NETWORK To study the attacks more affectively, a frame work was deployed using open source software like Ubuntu, tcpdump with visualizing software like afterglow to capture real time at the core switch. This will help to monitor and analyze the network traffic in real time scenario. Data was evaluated for two hundred thousand packets captured using tcpdump –nnelr data.pcap l wc –l at the root. This will capture the raw traffic for two hundred thousand packets for data analysis and visualization. The data captured by the tcpdump will be converted to a csv file with all fields. Tcpdump-vttttnnelr ju.pcap|./tcpdump2csv.pltimestamp sourcemac destmac sip dip sport dport flags len proto ttl id offset tos ipflags > ju.csv. The Csv file is then exported to Mysql database. load data infile ’ju.csv’ into table analysis fields terminated by ’,’ lines terminated by ’n’ (timestamp, sourcemac, destmac, sourceip, destip, sourceport, destport, proto, tcpflags, length, ttl, ipid, iptos, ipflags, offset); Further, ju.csv file was converted to dot file, which was converted to png file. tcpdump -vttttnnelr Ju.pcap |./tcpdump2csv.pl|./afterglow.pl-c color.properties > Ju.dot Cat Ju.dot | neato -Tpng –o Ju.png Figure 6 shows Whole Traffic captured for network Figure-6 shows that the outgoing traffic is greater than incoming traffic, which states that traffic is compromised. Therefore there is need to identify the port 80 traffic and identify the machines which are compromised. From figure 7 we identify visually that the out traffic on port 80 is very high. Therefore, needs to identify machines which are compromised. Figure 7 shows the out going traffic of port 80 Figure -8 shows ATTACK from IP 192.176.2.25 Figure-8 Shows visualization of machine with IP 192.176.2 25 that is connected over the network which is compromised and sending malicious traffic outside. This helps the administrators to identify the machine irrespective of any signatures within the IPS database. Similarly other machines can be identified. V CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE IDS/ IPS are installed in almost every organization but they are designed to work on signatures. To study attacks which exist other than signatures, we need to further do the analysis through the frame work created with high end hardware which is required to capture and analyze the traffic for longer duration. So that fine tuning of the IDS/IPS as per the campus network requirement will be done to further increase the network performance. VI REFERENCES [1] Paxson. Bro: A System for Detecting Network Intruders in Real- Time. In Computer Networks, volume 31 (23– 24), pages 2435–2463, 1999 [2] G. Stein, B. Chen, A.S. Wu, and K.A. Hua, â€Å"Decision Tree Classifier for Network Intrusion Detection with GA- Based Feature Selection,† Proc. 43rd ACM Southeast Regional Conf.—Volume 2, Mar. 2005. [3] Schwartz, Matthew, â€Å"Beyond Firewalls and IPS: Monitoring Network Behavior.† February 2006, available on http://esj.com/articles/2006/02/07/beyond- Firewalls-and-ips-monitoring-networkbehavior.aspx [4] S. J. Yang, J. Holsopple, and M. Sudit, â€Å"Evaluating Threat Assessment for Multi-stage Cyber Attacks,† in Proceedings of IEEE MILCOM: 2nd IEEE Workshop on Situation Management (SIMA), Washington, DC, Oct 23-25, 2006 [5] Z. Yu and J. Tsai, â€Å"An efficient intrusion detection system using a boosting-based learning algorithm†. International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, Vol. 27 (4), 2007, 223-231. [6] Meera Gandhi, S.K.Srivatsa â€Å"Detecting and preventing Attacks using network intrusion detection systems† International Journal of Computer Science and Security, Volume (2) : Issue (1) June 2009 [7] Asmaa Shaker Ashoor, Prof. Sharad Gore, â€Å"Intrusion Detection System (IDS) Intrusion Prevention System (IPS): Case Study†. International Journal of Scientific Engineering Research Volume 2, Issue 7, July-2011 [8] Rosslin John Robles, Tai-hoon Kim,SeungLee,† A Study on Intrusion Confinement for Internal Network†, Journal of Security Engineering), vol.5issue no1, P73, 2008 [9] Patil, Nilima R.; Patil, Nitin N, † A comparative study of network vulnerability analysis using attack graph† World Journal of Science Technology; 2012, Vol. 2 Issue 3, p91 *University of Jammu, e-mail id :[emailprotected] , **University of Jammu, email id: [emailprotected] 1

Book Review of People of the Three Fires Essay -- Essays Papers

Book Review of People of the Three Fires The book, People of the Three Fires, is written by three different people each describing a tribe in detail.The book is very well written and relatively easy to understand. It is informative and was written to be used as a teaching tool for schools. The book discusses the relationship between the groups that lived in Michigan and surrounding areas. James M. McClurken writes the first section, which deals with the Ottawa people. McClurken tells about the Ottawa peoples’ relationship with the environment they lived in and how they adapted to change when contacted by Europeans. One thing I found interesting about the Ottawa is their beliefs. The Ottawa believed in respect for the individual. Their leaders represented the people much like our elected officials represent us when a decision is needed for the whole of the country. They are in tune with nature and consider the earth and animals part of their family, addressing them with â€Å"father,† â€Å"mother,† â€Å"brother,† â€Å"sister.† The Ottawa’s also amazed me at their ability to believe in the supernatural, the spirits that told what sickness a person has and the healing power of the firewalkers is a leap of faith. I am always amazed that people survived without Advil and Tums, and they didn’t just survived they thrived! The Ottawa were great traders, in fact they traded all over northern Michigan. A surprising fact I read in the section was of the fleecing of the Indian...

The Threatening of Australias Marsupials :: Endangered Species Animals Nature Essays

The Threatening of Australia's Marsupials About fifty percent of all mammal species worldwide to have become extinct in the last 200 years have been from Australia, giving Australia the worst record for mammal conservation of any country or continent. Of a total 245 mammalian species, 59 are listed as extinct, threatened, or vulnerable (Short 1994). Most of these extinctions and declines come from two taxonomic groups--the rodents and the marsupials. Because marsupials are so abundant and diverse in Australia, I decided to research the endangerment and conservation efforts regarding marsupial species. Sixty percent of the extinct, endangered, and vulnerable Australian fauna are indeed marsupials; table 1 on the next page lists Australia's threatened marsupial species. Endangered is defined as a species in danger of extinction whose survival is unlikely if certain threats continue operating, vulnerable species are believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if threats continue, and to be considered extinct the species has definitely not been located in the wild during the last 50 years (ANPWS 1991). Extinctions and declines have not uniformly affected marsupial species. Terrestrial, medium-sized marsupials in the weight range of 35.0 g to 5.5 kg have proven to be more vulnerable, and omnivores and herbivores have declined to a greater extent than carnivores. Arboreal species such as possums and gliders and species that use rock piles for shelter have been less affected. Most problems with extinction and endangerment occur in the southern arid zone and the wheat belt of Western Australia; while the tropical north of Australia, the mesic northeast and coast of New South Wales, Tasmania, and numerous offshore islands have remained relatively unaffected by local extinctions (Short 1994). The problems Seven main hypotheses have been put forward to explain why species have declined and/or disappeared from various parts of Australia, and they include: 1) clearing for agriculture, 2) draining and salination of wetlands, 3) grazing and browsing by introduce animals, 4) changed fire regimes, 5) introduced predators, 6) disease, and 7) overkill by hunters (Kennedy 1992). By studying the history of threatened fauna and patterns of decline, experts have come to the conclusion that some of these hypotheses can be dismissed as not being a primary cause of declining populations. For instance, there is no direct evidence that disease has led to any mammal extinctions, though epidemics have been blamed for the decline of carnivorous marsupials in southeastern Australia and Tasmania at the turn of the century.

Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

PRACTICAL 6 Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) OBJECTIVES: 1. To describe the features of seed plant life cycle and the concept of the dominant generation. 2. To describe the life histories and related reproductive structures of gymnosperms and angiosperms. 3. To summarize the features that distinguish gymnosperms and angiosperms. 4. To discuss the advantages of seed plants to dominate land and their evolutionary adaptations on land. EXPERIMENT 1: Gymnosperms INTRODUCTION:Gymnosperms (720 species in 65 genera) are ancient seed plants that include ginkgos (Division Ginkgophyta), cycads (Division Cycadophyta), conifers (Division Coniferophyta), and gnetophytes (Division Gnetophyta). The term gymnosperm derives from the Greek wood roots gymnos, meaning â€Å"naked†, and sperma, meaning â€Å"seed†. They are naked-seeded plants meaning that the ovule, which becomes a seed, is exposed on the sporophyte at pollination. Mature seed are not enclosed in a fruit as are tho se of flowering plants. Gymnosperms are best known for their characteristic cones, called strobili.These strobili display sporangia and their subsequently developing ovules and pollens. Gymnosperms do not require water for sperm to swim to reach the egg as do seedless plants. Instead, immense amount of windblown pollen are produced. Most gymnosperm cones, including the familiar pine cone, are complex whorls of leaflike, woody scales around a central axis. The smallest cones include those of the junipers (Juniperus) which have flesh scales fused into a structure resembling a berry. The larger cones may weigh 45 kg and are produced by cycads.In most gymnosperm species, the female megastrobilus is larger and distinctive from the male microstrobilus. MATERIALS: 1. Living or preserved specimens of * Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) * Cycad (Cycad sp. ) * Pine (Pinus sp. ) 2. Prepared slide of gymnosperms 3. Compound microscope 4. Dissecting microscope 5. Slide and coverslip 6. Forceps 7. Distilled water PROCEDURE: A ginkgo: 1. A prepared slide of male strobilus of Ginkgo biloba is examined. The microsporophyll, microsporangium, and strobilus axis are identified. 2. A prepared slide of female strobilus of Ginkgo biloba is examined.The megasporophyll, megasporangium, and strobilus axis are identified. A cycad: 1. A female cycad is examined. The leaves, megasporophylls, megasporangia and developing seed are identified. 2. The pollen cone bears on male cycad. Pollinated cone is examined and microsporophyll, microsporangia, and pollen grains are identified. A pine: 1. A male cone and female cone of Pinus sp. are obtained. 2. A prepared slide of longitudinal section of female cone is examined. The megasporophyll, megasporangia, and ovule are looked. 3. A prepared slide of longitudinal section of male cone is examined.The microsporophyll, microsporangia, and pollen grains are looked. 4. Fertilization occurs after the pollen tube penetrates the megasporangium and allows sperm to ent er the archegonium and fuses with the egg. The zygote will form after fertilization. A prepared slide of the developing embryo of Pinus sp. is examined. 5. Mature seed cone is obtained. The seed with wing attached to the ovuliferous scale is found. 6. The anatomy of pine leaf one needle is examined. The following: epidermis, stoma, photosynthetic mesophyll, endodermis, phloem, xylem, and resin duct are identified.RESULTS Cross section of Ginkgo Biloba Cross section of Cycad Cross section of female pine Cross section of male pine EXPERIMENT 2: Angiosperms INTRODUCTION: Angiosperms are the most abundant, diverse, and widespread of all land plants. They are successful because they are structurally diverse, have efficient vascular systems, share a variety of mutualisms (especially with insects and fungi), and have short generation times. Flowering plants are important to human because our world economy is overwhelmingly based on them.Indeed, we eat and use vegetative structures (roots, stems and leaves) as well as reproductive structure (flowers, seeds, and fruits). You will find that many of the vegetative structures are quite similar to those of more ancient plants shown. The roots, stems, and leaves of flowering plants function just as those of ferns and cone bearing plants. Flowers and fruits, however are unique adaptations of angiosperms. Biologists believe that the extraordinary adaptiveness of these structures has led to the proliferation of the incredible diversity found among flowering plants. MATERIALS: 1.Living specimens of angiosperms (dicots & monocots) with roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. (Imperata cylindrical, zea mays, Carica papaya, Phaseolus sp. ) 2. Prepared slide of angiosperms (dicots & monocots) 3. Compound microscope 4. Dissecting microscope 5. Slide and coverslip 6. Forceps 7. Distilled water PROCEDURE: Roots: 1. A root of dicots and monocots are obtained for morphology and anatomy study. 2. The root systems of representati ve dicot and monocot are looked. 3. Cross section of dicot root shows the central stele is surrounded by a thick cortex and epidermis.The following: epidermis, cortex, parenchyma cells, starch grains, pericycle, endodermis, phloem, and xylem are identified. 4. Cross section of monocot roor shows this root has a vascular cylinder of xylem and phloem that surrounds a central pith. The following: epidermis, cortex, endodermis, Casparian strip, pith, phloem, and xylem are identified. 5. A prepared slide of the roots for some other species is obtained and their structure is identified. Stems: 1. The longitudinal section of shoot tip of representative dicot and monocot is studied.The following: leaf, leaf primordium, apical meristem, ground meristem, axillary bud, vascular bundle, and pith are identified. 2. A dicot and monocot is obtained and a cross section of the stems is made and the arrangement of vascular bundles is examined. The anatomy between this dicot and monocot is compared. 3 . For both type of plants, epidermis, cortex, phloem, xylem, cambium, pith, and vascular bundle are identified. Leaves: 1. Fresh specimen provided in lab is looked. Flowering plants show a variety of morphology to identify, such as, leaf arrangements and leaf venation. 2.Using fresh prepared slide or prepared slide of some flowering plants, the structure of the leaves is studied. The leaves have common features: cuticle, air space, lower epidermis, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, and vascular bundle are noticed. Flowers: 1. The longitudinal section of some flowers is looked. The parts of a flower: stigma, pistil, style, ovary, sepal, receptacle, peduncle, petal, filament, stamen, and anther are named. 2. A prepared slide of a cross section of mature anther (lily anther) is examined. Sections of the four microsporangia are found.Pollen grains within a microsporangium is looked. 3. A prepared slide of a cross section of an ovary (lily ovary). The several ovules are found. Megaspore mother cell within megasporangium is looked. The megasporangium develops is studied. The placenta, integuments, microphyle, egg cell, central cell, and polar nuclei are identified. 4. The demonstration slide of double fertilization is observed and the zygote, primary endosperm nucleus, and central cell of the female gametophyte are identified. Fruits and seeds 1. A sample of dry, dehiscent fruits (peanuts) is obtained.The fruit wall, cotyledon, plumule of embryo, embryo, radical, cotyledon, and seed coat are identified. 2. A sample of simple flesy fruits (tomato, a berry) is obtained. Pericarp, mesocarp, endocarp, locule, seed and placenta are identified. 3. A prepared slide of corn grain (Zea mays), a caryopsis fruit is examined. The pericarp of a corn grains is tightly united and inseparable from the seed. The pricarp, endosperm, cotyledon, coleoptiles, plumule bud, embryo, radical, and coleorhizae are identified. RESULTS Cross section of root Cross section of stemCross section of leaves Cross section of flower Cross section of seed DISCUSSION For the lower vascular plants the important evolutionary development was in the water and food conducting tissues of the sporophyte. As we move on through the plant kingdom the next important development was the seed. The free living gametophyte is a vulnerable phase of the life cycle. Reproduction by seeds is a less chancy procedure and has other advantages for plant survival and dispersal. Seeds can be remarkably tolerant of environmental extremes heat, cold and drought.Unlike free-living gametophytes seeds can postpone their development until conditions are right. And, of course, we find them very convenient for plant propagation. Already in the coal-measure forests there were plants that reproduced by seeds. Some were the so-called â€Å"seed ferns†. Others were the ancestors of the plants we now know collectively as â€Å"gymnosperms†. In these plants the seeds are not enclosed i n an ovary, as in the flowering plants; they grow on the surface of a modified leaf in a strobilus or cone. â€Å"Gymnosperm† means naked seed. Alternation of generations is still involved in the reproduction of these plants.They are all heterosporous: the microspores are shed as pollen, whereas the megaspore germinates in the strobilus to produce the female gametophyte. The archegonia in this gametophyte get fertilized by sperm from the male gametophyte and the zygote grows to produce an embryo which is enclosed in a seed coat of tissue from the parent plant. Gymnosperms were the dominant land plants in the age of dinosaurs, the Cretaceous and  Jurassic periods. The surviving gymnosperms in the Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta and Ginkgophyta are similar in their woody habit and pattern of seed development but are not closely related.The characteristic feature of angiosperms is the flower. Flowers show remarkable variation in form and elaboration, and provide the most trustworth y external characteristics for establishing relationships among angiosperm species. The function of the flower is to ensure fertilization of the ovule and development of  fruit  containing  seeds. The floral apparatus may arise terminally on a shoot or from the axil of a leaf (where the  petiole  attaches to the stem). Occasionally, as in  violets, a flower arises singly in the axil of an ordinary foliage-leaf.More typically, the flower-bearing portion of the plant is sharply distinguished from the foliage-bearing or vegetative portion, and forms a more or less elaborate branch-system called an  inflorescence. There are two kinds of reproductive cells produced by flowers. Microspores, which will divide to become  pollen grains, are the â€Å"male† cells and are borne in the  stamens  (or microsporophylls). The â€Å"female† cells called megaspores, which will divide to become the egg cell (megagametogenesis), are contained in the  ovule  and enc losed in thecarpel  (or megasporophyll).The flower may consist only of these parts, as in  willow, where each flower comprises only a few stamens or two carpels. Usually, other structures are present and serve to protect the sporophylls and to form an envelope attractive to pollinators. The individual members of these surrounding structures are known as  sepals  and  petals  (or  tepalsin flowers such as  Magnolia  where sepals and petals are not distinguishable from each other). The outer series (calyx of sepals) is usually green and leaf-like, and functions to protect the rest of the flower, especially the bud.The inner series (corolla of petals) is, in general, white or brightly colored, and is more delicate in structure. It functions to attract  insect  or  bird  pollinators. Attraction is effected by color,  scent, and  nectar, which may be secreted in some part of the flower. The characteristics that attract pollinators account for the popularity of flowers and flowering plants among humans. While the majority of flowers are perfect or  hermaphrodite  (having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure), flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and  physiological  mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization.Heteromorphic flowers have short carpels and long stamens, or vice versa, so animal  pollinators  cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil (receptive part of the carpel). Homomorphic flowers may employ a biochemical (physiological) mechanism calledself-incompatibility  to discriminate between self- and non-self pollen grains. In other species, the male and female parts are morphologically separated, developing on different flowers. POST-LAB QUESTIONS: 1. How to distinguish between a male and female cone of pine?The male cone will form at the bottom of the tree and it is much smaller than the female and the male produces the pollen grains and the female produces the ovule and forms at the top of the tree. 2. Explain the characteristics of gymnosperm seeds to aid in dispersal. Many gymnosperms have winged seeds that aid in dispersal. Generally, gymnosperms have heavy seeds so the wings only assist in moving the seed a short distance from the parent plant. 3. List some uses for conifers. Economically, conifers are very important as they are a major source of timber.The majority of the world’s sawn timbers come from conifers. Exploitation of this resource from wild growing forests is still going on in many parts of the world, but there is an obvious trend especially in the developed world to phase this out and use more sustainable planted or seeded resources. There are many species with highly different wood properties, some of these are extremely valuable and used for fine cabinet making or expensive applications in construction. Wood from conifers is also an important source of pulp for paper and cellulose fibres such as rayon.Conifer s also very important in horticulture, especially in regions with a temperate climate. Several species have yielded hundreds of different cultivars and new ones are constantly appearing on the market. In some countries conifers have a role to play in traditional medicine and in religious ceremonies and, of course, our Christmas trees can be seen as a form of this kind of use. A few conifers even have edible seeds; well known are those of certain pines. 4. Lists the common characteristics of seeds plants. i. They have vascular tissue ii.They use seeds to reproduce iii. They all have body plans that include leaves, stems, and roots. 5. Contrast between dicots and monocots, the two classes of flowering plants. Monocots| Dicots| Herbaceous| May be woody or herbaceous| Embryo with single cotyledon| Embryo with 2 cotyledons| Flower parts in multiple of three| Flower parts with multiple of 4 or 5| Parallel-veined leaves| Net-veined leaves| Bundles of vascular tissue are scattred throughout the stem| Vascular bundle in the stem forms rings| Roots are adventitious| Root develop from radicle| . Discuss the features of plant flowering fruits and seeds. Seeds  develop from ovules in the ovary, and at maturity consist of an  embryo  and a reserve food supply surrounded by a protective covering, the  seed coat. The diversity of flowering plants assures diversity among their seeds, but, unlike fruits, which have numerous variations, structural plans for seeds are few. The reserve food can be stored either in or out of the embryo and the  cotyledons, the seed leaves can remain either below ground or be elevated above the surface when germination occurs.Fruits are ripened ovaries containing seeds with sometimes additional flower or inflorescence tissues associated with them. Only angiosperms produce flowers and fruits. From a botanical viewpoint, many of the foods we eat as vegetables are fruits, for examples, tomatoes, green beans, squash, eggplant, and peppers. Fru its apparently arose as a means not only of protecting the seeds, but as a way to ensure their dispersal. REFERENCES 1. http://faculty. unlv. edu/landau/gymnosperms. htm 2. http://www. kew. org/plants/conifers/uses. html 3. http://edhelper. com/ReadingComprehension_37_251. html

World Trade Organization

The courage and dedication that was displayed by the protestors in the video was what I took to heart. It was something else to see a group of people come together to protest something that they believed so strongly despite being pepper sprayed, shot at with rubber bullets, and thrown into jail†¦.. But why would anyone go to these lengths to protest against an organization? The World Trade Organization was created in Jan. 1 1995 and has 140 member countries. According to their official website www. wto. org the organizations main purpose is to, â€Å"help trade flow as freely as possible-so long as there are no undesirable side-effects. This partly means removing obstacles. † However the organization isn’t a democratic organization. Instead the WTO rules are written by and for corporations with inside access to the negotiations. Citizen input by consumer, environmental, human rights and labor organizations is consistently ignored as WTO meetings are held in secret. According to the video, out of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 are corporations and only 49 are countries. As a result it is no wonder why so many came to protest this secret meeting held in Seattle, WA. According to the video many protestors argued that the WTO and its motto of free world trade is stomping over labor and human rights in countries throughout the world as the use of cheap labor and child labor are continually ignored by the WTO. The magazine Global Exchange states that the WTO is blocking human rights abuses since they have ruled that, â€Å"1) It is illegal for a government to ban a product base on the way it is produced and 2) Governments cannot take into account the behavior of companies that do business with vicious dictatorships such as Burma. The protestors in the video also felt that the WTO was destroying the environment. Evidence of this, dates back to 1993 when according to the Global Exchange, â€Å"The very first WTO panel ruled that a regulation of the US Clean Air Act, which required both domestic and foreign producers alike to produce cleaner gasoline, was illegal. Recently, the WTO declared illegal a provision of the Endangered Species Act that requires shrimp in the US to be caught with an inexpensive device that allows endangered sea turtles to escape, and the WTO is currently negotiating an agreement that would eliminate tariffs on wood products, which would increase the demand for timber and escalate deforestation. As a result I believe that these corporations should not be allowed to continue to get away with such actions. The people in Seattle honored their legal right to assemble. The actions taken by the city of Seattle against these protestors were too extreme and I’m still unclear for what reason they took such extreme measures against the protestors. These were peaceful protests and the city freaked out over a few broken windows at corporations such as Starbucks and Nike. In my point of view the steps taken by the city of Seattle was way over the line and its disgusts me that peaceful protestors were thrown into jail for demonstrating a legal right in the constitution.

Dove †Objectives of Marketing Plan & Pricing Strategy Essay

â€Å"Setting objectives for a marketing plan is not simple and straightforward matter. It is an iterative process whereby objectives are set, strategies and action plans are developed, and then it is decided whether the planned objectives are impossible, achievable or easy. Marketing objectives should be difficult, but they must be achievable. The aim is to set objectives that a challenge, but can be achieved with effort. They must be motivating rather than discouraging.† (Westwood, 2002). To be useful, the stated objectives should meet several criteria which are known as SMART objectives. [Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timed] According to Marketingteacher.com (2012), the purposes of SMART objectives include: To enable a company to control its marketing plan. ï‚ §=To help to motivate individuals and teams to reach a common goal. To provide an agreed, consistent focus for all functions of an organization. Dove’s Marketing Objectives: According to Marketingmixx.com (2012), Dove develops its marketing objectives very carefully as it is devoted to expand the definition of beauty for the reason that they believe real beauty comes from your inner self. The Marketing Objectives of Dove are: To increase sales by 40% in upcoming 1 year. Providing a boost to its brand image. Broaden the image as a beauty care provider Increase the number of retail outlets selling dove products by 250 within 12 months PRICING STRATEGY Price is the exchange value of a product or service, always expressed in terms of money. There are costs to produce and design a product, to distribute a product, and to promote. Price must support these elements of the mix. Pricing is difficult and must reflect supply relationship. Price is the only element of marking mixes which sales revenue. Price is a powerful marketing instrument. It is often the most flexible of the four marketing mix elements. â€Å"Price is a critical element in the marketing strategy of the industrial marketer and should always be viewed in the context of that marketing strategy. Price interacts with all other elements of the marketing mix to determine the effectiveness of each and of the whole. The objectives that guide pricing strategy should be a subset of the objectives that guide overall marketing strategy. Thus, it is probably wrong to view price as an independent element of marketing strategy or to assert that price, by itself, is a central element in the marketing mix.† (Webster, 1979) In Dove, we use three types of strategies. Namely, Competition-based pricing, Product line, Product Bundle pricing. Competition-based pricing is setting a price in comparison with competitors. Surely a firm has three options and these are to price lower, price to same or price higher. For example: Dove Damage Therapy Shampoo (700 ml) cost $11.70 versus Pantene Shampoo (700ml) cost $10.90 in FairPrice. Product line pricing is pricing different products within the same product range at different price points. For example: Dove Beauty Moisture Body Wash (1L) cost $9.75 versus Dove Firming Moisture Body Wash (1L) cost $10.70 in FairPrice. Product Bundle pricing means offering a group of related products at a combined low price, so as to get rid of slow moving products. For example, Dove charges $7.50 for a bottle of Dove Beauty Moisture Body Wash and $13.90 for a bundle of two bottles at CK Departmental Store. REFERENCES Westwood, J., 2002, The Marketing Plan: A step-by-step Guide. 3rd ed., London, Kogan Page Limited, p 101. Teacher, M, 2012, SMART Objectives [online], England, Marketing Teacher, Available from: http://www.marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-objectives.html. [Last accessed 27th May 2012]. Seher, T., 2012, Marketing Plan of Dove [online], Marketing Mix, Available from: http://marketingmixx.com/marketing-plan-2/181-marketing-plan-of-dove.html [Last accessed 27th May 2012] Webster, F., 1979, Industrial Marketing Strategy, 3rd ed., Canada, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p 190.

Much ado about nothing Essay

Thus when Leonato impulsively believes Claudio’s words shaming of Hero he tries to destroy her completely, â€Å"Hence from her, let her die†. Additionally he angrily speaks of her loss of honour as a blemish from which he cannot distance himself through short monosyllabic language, â€Å"O she is fallen into a pit of ink, that the wide sea hath drops too few to wash her clean again†. Conflict is used to draw out the hidden truths that otherwise may not have been revealed. Leonato and his household publicly ‘publish’ that Hero is dead is a bid to punish Claudio and to redeem himself he must accept the hand of Leonato’s ‘niece’ which is really Hero, another example of deception within the play. She is masked implying that Claudio must wed blindly and a dramatic device used to hide feelings or create different character personas. The masking of Hero reveals that Claudio is truly repentant as he is willing to dedicate his life to an unknown woman for Hero and also that the society of marriage has little to do with love. The final irony within the play is the uncovering of Don John’s deceit. It is accidentally stumbled upon by the watch; Dogberry and Verges, two fools who Shakespeare uses as a witty device to create a malapropism. The characters use incorrect words without knowing their blunders to appear stupid and this is an example of comedy within the play that Shakespeare does not disguise subtly as he has previously, but puts bluntly to create the idea of a more modern slapstick humour. Dogberry, a dull witted fool, tries to give witty orders yet misplaces words unlike the intelligence of Beatrice and Benedick, ‘we have now recovered the most dangerous piece of lechery,’ which was intended to read treachery. Borachio admits the deceit to the court finally, ‘I have deceived even your very eyes; what your wisdoms could not discover, these shallow fools have brought to light,’ which is an example of how Shakespeare uses irony as a humorous yet thought provoking device. The theme of conflict is carried through to the plays close as when Borachio confesses to staging the loss of Hero’s innocence, Don Pedro describes this evidence as a sword that tears Claudio, ‘Runs not this speech like iron through your blood? ‘ and Claudio replies that he has already symbolically condemned himself, ‘I have drunk poison whiles he uttered it. ‘ In conclusion we as the audience can see how throughout the ‘Much Ado About Nothing’ there are many conflicts between different characters and around different themes in the play. Beatrice causes conflict, as she rebels against the Elizabethan stereotype of a woman and the role that she is expected to play by society. The audience at the time would have understood her difficulties and battles with societies prejudice against women. In this way Beatrice is seen to be a reflection of Queen Elizabeth I, the monarch of that time. Elizabeth was well known for not ever marrying, and it is clear that Shakespeare took some influence when writing Beatrice’s soliloquies from Queen Elizabeth’s speeches of the time. For example in a letter Queen Elizabeth’s wrote to the king of Sweden declining his proposal of marriage she says â€Å"†We do not conceive in our hearts to take a husband, but highly commend this single life. † The audience will soon hear Beatrice similarly say â€Å"Adams sons are my brethren, and truly I hold it a sin to match in my kindred. † Beatrice and Benedick have a strong conflicting relationship throughout the play as they are fighting against each other in a â€Å"merry war† and also against themselves and their true feelings, which are later revealed to the audience and each other, we hear Benedick say, â€Å"I do not love anything in the world as well as you. † The audience are happy to see this conflict end well and though we are sure that their â€Å"merry war† will continue and keep their love alive, it shall be with humour and affection. Another main theme in the play is that of betrayal and false accusations. When Hero is falsely accused by Don John and Claudio, this conflict brings about great dramatic effectiveness and dramatic irony as the audience knows the truth and are left wondering whether Hero will ever be acquitted. The matter is however solved, surprisingly by Dogberry, who nobody really takes seriously as he is ill educated. Leonato at first tells him to â€Å"be brief† and states â€Å"neighbours you are tedious†. However soon Dogberry and Verges reveal the truth and ironically become the saviours of Hero and Claudio’s relationship. As the plays title suggests, many of the characters take part in observing, listening, or ‘noting’. In order for a plot based on deceit to evolve the characters note each other often, for example when Beatrice is duped into believing that Benedick loves her the plotters conceal themselves in the garden so that Beatrice can note their conversation. â€Å"Look where Beatrice like a lapwing runs close by the ground to hear our conference,† notes Hero. Each line is a placed note for Beatrice to absorb and this is also relevant in the ploy to convince Benedick of Beatrice’s adoration. Shakespeare explores the theme of deception on a variety of levels by showing how deception can have both positive and negative affects. For example the success of deception is shown in the duping of Beatrice and Benedick into falling in love with each other, and alternatively the use of deception in Don John leading Claudio into doubting Hero’s fidelity and ultimately bring about her downfall. Throughout â€Å"Much ado about nothing† there are conflicts presented to the audience which address more serious events, including some that border on tragedy, yet bring about excitement and dramatic tensions in the play to hold the viewers attention, all of which are resolved happily as we see at the end the weddings of the two couples. Pia Charters 11G Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Ethnicity and language Essay

1. Ethnicity Ethnicity is not a clear-cut term. It usually describes someone’s racial or cultural background but has a whole host of other connotations connected with appearance, dress, food, lifestyle etc. The ethnic majority in a particular place are, not necessarily those with the largest numbers, but those with social and political power. It is also the case that often terms describing race are fairly meaningless. People from the ‘British race’ for example originate from many other cultures and countries, depending on how far back you trace their family trees. 2. Prejudiced language Language can be used to make certain ethnic groups appear to be outsiders, or different from the ethnic majority. Markedness It is often assumed that immigrants, and people from ethnic minorities, must fit in with the ways and traditions of the ethnic majority. When this happens, the ethnic identity of the majority begins to appear normal and invisible, whilst that of the minority appears, strange, worthy of mention and marked. We often find in the media that people’ ethnicity is only mentioned when they are not white. So, we hear things like â€Å"the murdered black teenager Steven Lawrence† even in instances where the description of ethnicity is irrelevant. Negative labelling People are often labelled according to their colour, race or ethnicity. The problem with such labels is firstly that they may stop us seeing other aspects of the person as we are focussed on the attribute that the label describes. The second problem is that very often these labels are associated with negative stereotypes. We often find that the most marginalized groups in our society have the largest numbers of offensive terms to describe them. In addition, the media runs relatively few stories about those from ethnic minorities, and those that are included tend to reinforce the negative stereotypes by being about crime or disorder. 3. Marking Ethnic Identity Language can also be used as a powerful marker of ethnic identity. The language that we speak, and how we speak it, shows the ethnic group to which we believe we belong and claim solidarity with. British Black English People of West Indian and African Caribbean origin in England use many different varieties depending on where about they live and how long their families have been in Britain. Those born in Britain usually speak a variety of English and also a variety of Jamaican Creole, known as Patois. Linguistic features of Patois ?Lexical items (lick (hit), kenge (weak), bex (angry) ?Use of [? ] and [? ] in place of [? ] and [? ] e. g. [t? n] for [ n] ?Plural forms without /s/ suffix (e. g. many cow) ?Verbs not marked for tense (walk in place of walked) ?Simplified pronouns ([mi] for I, me, my and [dem] for they, them and their) ?Use of ‘fi’ in place of ‘to’ before infinitives. African American Vernacular English In the USA, the distinct languages of people of African American origin disappeared centuries ago. Nevertheless, a distinct variety of English, called African American Vernacular English (AAVE), has developed which acts as a symbol of ethnicity. AAVE is most often heard in cities in the North of the states. Linguistic features of AAVE ?Absence of standard copula be (e. g. ‘she very nice’, ‘that my book’) ?Use of copula be to signal recurring actions (‘she be at school on weekdays’) ?Multiple negation (‘I don’t want none’)? Consonant cluster simplification (‘aks in place of asks’) ?Existential it (where standard English has ‘there’, ‘it’s a boy’ for ‘there’s a boy’) Maori English In New Zealand, it is not clear if a Maori dialect of English actually exists. What is certain is that the features listed below occur more often in the speech of Maoris than Pakeha (non-Polynesian New Zealanders, usually of European origin) Linguistic features of Maori English ?Use of [? ] and [? ] in place of [? ] and [? ] e. g. [t? n] for [ n] ?Use of vocabulary items such as kia ora (greeting) and kuia (old woman)? Vernacular verb forms (walk for walked) ?Present tense forms with /s/ ‘I sees you’, ‘we gets home’) 4. Social Networks Social networks can help us understand speech patterns as the language and variety we use is influenced by the people we spend time with. You can draw a simple social network by considering the four or five people you speak to most often and drawing lines from their names to yours on a map. If any of those people know each other independently of you, connect them with lines (preferably of a different colour) too. Then add their two or three best friends, and so on.e. g. Tom Richard Bob Barbara Sandy Dave Features of social networks Density Density refers to whether members of a person’s network are in touch with each other separately. In the example above, only Richard and Bob know each other independently of Tom so his network is not a dense one. Plexity Plexity refers to the type of transactions that we are involved in with other people. If, for example, Tom only ever plays squash with Barbara, the relationship would be considered a uniplex one. If however, Tom and Barbara lived, worked and socialised together it would be a multiplex one. Language and Networks The language or variety we use is influenced by the people we talk to and what we talk to them about. We may change the language or variety we are using depending on which part of our network we are currently interacting with. For example, we may be more formal at work than at home. This type of language/variety shift is probably more likely if our social network is not very dense and our relations tend to be uniplex. If our networks are dense and multiplex, the whole network is more likely to use the use the same language or variety.

US-Mexico Border and Racism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

US-Mexico Border and Racism - Essay Example Both Sweatt v. Painter and the Brown v. Board of Education case were decided to grant equality and abandoning of state-based segregation laws and the based case that was overturned was Plessy v. Furgerson. In Smith v. Allwright, (1944), the United States Supreme Court decided to keep in view the voting rights and the racial desegregation. This decision resulted in the overturning of the utilization of all-white primaries by the Democratic Party in Texas as well as in other states. It was claimed by Texas that the Democratic Party, being a private party is permitted to set its membership rules and regulations. However, the Court agreed that the restrained primary refused Smith his defense under the law. All three cases addressed the issue of racial segregation that was sponsored by state laws and in each case, the Supreme Court decided to eliminate discrimination on the basis of races and provided the ways for integration within all communities residing in a shared state (Foote 50). A nswer 5 Communities residing along the border of Mexico and the United States have a significant commonality, including two desserts, a shared history, rapidly growing population, deepening integration economically as well as thriving tourism. The routine life of individuals living along both sides of the border is influenced by these general elements, in addition to the distinguishing characteristic of an international border that separates friends, families as well as businesses. This international border draws closeness amongst two immensely unlike countries while at the same time dividing local communities of excessive similarity.